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Question 1

What are the 3 types of extracellular fluid?

Answer 1

Plasma, interstitial, lymph fluid

Question 2

What rate does the renal system filter blood at?

Answer 2

150-200L a day

Question 3

How much salt is filtered by the kidney?

Answer 3

1.5kg

Question 4

What do kidneys do?

Answer 4

Remove soluble substances, recapture useful substances

Question 5

What are the general functions of the renal systems?

Answer 5

Produce and expel urine, gluconeogenesis, regulate the volume and composition of the extracellular fluid, produce hormones

Question 6

What hormones are produced by the renal systems?

Answer 6

Renin (an enzyme), erythropoietin, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

Question 7

How does the renin system control the volume and composition of the extracellular fluid?

Answer 7

• Control pH
• blood volume
• blood pressure
• osmolality
• ion balance

Question 8

What is osmolality?

Answer 8

The amount of solute per kg of solvent

Question 9

What is osmolarity?

Answer 9

A volume of solvent

Question 10

What does erythropoietin do?

Answer 10

Stimulate production of RBCs

Question 11

What does vitamin D do?

Answer 11

It is important for absorption of calcium ions

Question 12

What do the paired kidneys form?

Answer 12

A filtrate of the blood (extracellular fluid) that is modified by reabsorption and secretion

Question 13

Where does urine move through?

Answer 13

Moves along the ureters to the bladder

Question 14

What is Potter’s syndrome?

Answer 14

When a baby is born without kidneys - the baby dies shortly after birth

Question 15

Which kidney is lower?

Answer 15

The right is lower than the left

Question 16

Why is the right kidney lower?

Answer 16

Because of the liver

Question 17

Describe the ureters.

Answer 17

Approximately 25cm long with thick muscular walls which can contract from the kidneys, they have flaps

Question 18

What do flaps on the ureters do?

Answer 18

They let urine flow into the bladder and prevent back-flow of urine into the kidneys

Question 19

What is the detrusor muscle?

Answer 19

Smooth muscle which remains relaxed to store urine

Question 20

What does the urethra do?

Answer 20

Remove fluid from the body

Question 21

What does the urethral sphincter do?

Answer 21

Seal the urethra

Question 22

Describe the urethral sphincter.

Answer 22

Striated skeletal muscle - voluntary control

Question 23

What is micturition controlled by?

Answer 23

Both branches of the ANS (sympathetic via adrenoceptors and parasympathetic via cholinergic receptors)

Question 24

Give an example of primary active transport.

Answer 24

Sodium potassium pump

Question 25

What is secondary active transport?

Answer 25

Use of an electrochemical gradient across a plasma membrane as its energy source (usually sodium) - the movement of an ion down its electrochemical gradient coupled with transport of another molecule against its concentration gradient

Question 26

What is co-transport?

Answer 26

When solutes move in the same direction

Question 27

What is counter transport?

Answer 27

Occurs when solutes move in the opposite direction

Question 28

What do aquaporins do?

Answer 28

Allow water to cross the cell membrane

Question 29

What is the largest gland in the body?

Answer 29

The hepatic system

Question 30

Where does the hepatic system lie?

Answer 30

Under the diaphragm, within the rib cage in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen

Question 31

What is the liver bound by?

Answer 31

A fibrous connective tissue called Glisson's capsule

Question 32

Does the liver contain nerve endings and why?

Answer 32

Yes so when it becomes enlarged, it sends signals to experience pain

Question 33

Describe the vascular supply of the hepatic system.

Answer 33

Dual supply

Question 34

What does the hepatic artery do?

Answer 34

Bring nutrient poor/oxygen rich blood to the liver (25%)

Question 35

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

Answer 35

Bring nutrient rich and oxygen poor blood to the liver

Question 36

What occurs at sinusoids?

Answer 36

Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Question 37

How much cardiac output does the liver receive?

Answer 37

30%

Question 38

How much blood volume does the liver receive?

Answer 38

10-15% but can be adjusted to suit demand

Question 39

Describe the glandular functions of the liver.

Answer 39

It is an endocrine gland and secretes into the circulation and it is an exocrine gland and secretes substances via a duct into the gut

Question 40

Give examples of hormones secreted by the hepatic system (endocrine)?

Answer 40

Insulin-like growth factor, angiotensinogen, thrombopoietin and hepcidin

Question 41

What does insulin-like growth factor do?

Answer 41

Insulin-like effects regulate cell growth and development

Question 42

What does angiotensinogen do?

Answer 42

Vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone (increased sodium reabsorption) from adrenal cortex

Question 43

What does thrombopoietin do?

Answer 43

Stimulate megakaryocytic to produce platelets

Question 44

What does hepcidin do?

Answer 44

Inhibit intestinal iron absorption and iron release by macrophages

Question 45

What are the examples of the exocrine functions of the hepatic system?

Answer 45

Bile is the exocrine secretion of the liver

Question 46

How much bile is secreted a day?

Answer 46

600-1000ml

Question 47

Where is bile stored?

Answer 47

In the gallbladder

Question 48

Describe bile.

Answer 48

Yellow/green in colour and alkaline

Question 49

What is bile composed of?

Answer 49

Bile salts, phospholipids, bile pigments and electrolytes

Question 50

What are bile salts derived from?

Answer 50

Cholesterol

Question 51

What is an example of a bile pigment?

Answer 51

Bilirubin

Question 52

What is the carbohydrate metabolic function of the hepatic system?

Answer 52

- Glycogenesis (synthesis of glycogen) - glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen) - gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates)

Question 53

What is the fat metabolic function of the hepatic system?

Answer 53

Oxidising triglycerides and synthesis of lipoprotein, fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids

Question 54

What is the protein metabolic function of the hepatic system?

Answer 54

Synthesis of non-essential amino acids, deamination and transamination of amino acids, synthesis of urea from ammonia, synthesis of clotting factors and synthesis (of angiotensinogen and albumin)

Question 55

What does the hepatic system store?

Answer 55

Glycogen, iron and fat soluble vitamins (A, D, B12, E and K)

Question 56

Describe the excretion of the hepatic system.

Answer 56

Waste products from RBCs via bile, cholesterol, hormones and drugs