11 Respiratory System Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Function of the Respiratory System
- Oversees gas exchanges (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the blood and external environment
- Exchange of gasses takes place within the lungs in the _ (only site of gas exchange, other structures passageways
- Passageways to the lungs _ the incoming air
- Shares responsibility with cardiovascular system
A
- alveoli
- purify, warm, and humidify
2
Q
Organs of the Respiratory system
A
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs - alveoli
3
Q
Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
Olfactory receptors are located in the
_ on the superior surface
A
mucosa
4
Q
Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
The rest of the cavity is lined with
respiratory mucosa to _
A
- moisten air
- trap incoming foreign particles
5
Q
Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
Lateral walls have projections called
_
* Increases surface area
* Increases air turbulence within the nasal cavity
A
conchae
6
Q
Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
The nasal cavity is separated from the
oral cavity by the palate
2 palate present?
A
- Anterior hard palate (bone)
- Posterior soft palate (muscle)
7
Q
Paranasal Sinuses
Cavities within bones surrounding the
nasal cavity
what bones?
A
- Frontal bone
- Sphenoid bone
- Ethmoid bone
- Maxillary bone
8
Q
Function of the paranasal sinuses
A
- Lighten the skull
- Act as resonance chambers for speech
- Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
9
Q
other term for throat
A
pharynx
10
Q
Muscular passage from nasal cavity to
larynx
A
pharynx
11
Q
Three regions of the pharynx
A
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
12
Q
Regions of the pharynx
superior region behind
nasal cavity
A
Nasopharynx
13
Q
Regions of the pharynx
middle region behind mouth
A
Oropharynx
14
Q
Regions of the pharynx
inferior region attached
to larynx
A
Laryngopharynx
15
Q
Regions of the pharynx
The _ are common passageways for air and food
A
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
16
Q
Structures of the Pharynx
Auditory tubes enter the _
A
nasopharynx
17
Q
Structures of the Pharynx
Tonsils of the pharynx
* _ (adenoids) in the nasopharynx
* _ in the oropharynx
* _ at the base of the tongue
A
- Pharyngeal tonsil
- Palatine tonsils
- Lingual tonsils
18
Q
other term for larynx
A
voice box
19
Q
Routes air and food into proper
channels
A
Larynx (Voice Box)
20
Q
Plays a role in speech
A
Larynx (Voice Box)
21
Q
Larynx (Voice Box) is made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (_)
A
epiglottis
22
Q
Structures of the Larynx
- Largest hyaline cartilage
- Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)
A
Thyroid cartilage
23
Q
Structures of the Larynx
- Superior opening of the larynx
- Routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea
A
Epiglottis
24
Q
Structures of the Larynx
Vibrate with expelled air to create sound
(speech)
A
Vocal cords (vocal folds)
25
# Structures of the Larynx
opening between vocal cords
Glottis
26
Connects larynx with bronchi
Trachea (Windpipe)
27
Trachea (Windpipe) Lined with _
* Beat continuously in the **opposite** direction of incoming air
* **Expel mucus loaded with dust** and other debris away from lungs
ciliated mucosa
28
Trachea (Windpipe)
Walls are reinforced with _
hyaline cartilage
C-shaped
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Formed by division of the trachea
Primary Bronchi
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Primary Bronchi Enters the lung at the _
hilus
(medial depression)
31
_ bronchus is wider, shorter,
and straighter than _
Right
left
32
Bronchi subdivide into _ branches
smaller
and smaller
33
Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
Lungs
34
# Lungs
* Apex is near the _ (superior portion)
* Base rests on the _ (inferior portion)
clavicle
diaphragm
35
Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
* Left lung –
* Right lung –
* Left lung – two lobes
* Right lung – three lobes
36
# Coverings of the Lungs
_ covers the
lung surface
Pulmonary (visceral) pleura
37
# Coverings of the Lungs
_ lines the walls of the
thoracic cavity
Parietal pleura
38
# Coverings of the Lungs
_ fills the area between
layers of pleura to allow gliding
Pleural fluid
39
Respiratory Tree Divisions
1. Primary bronchi
2. Secondary bronchi
3. Tertiary bronchi
4. Bronchioli
5. Terminal bronchioli
40
Smallest
branches of
the bronchi
Bronchioles
41
# Bronchioles
**All** but the _
branches have
**reinforcing cartilage**
smallest
42
Terminal
bronchioles end
in _
alveoli
43
Site of gas exchange
Respiratory Zone
44
Respiratory Zone structures
1. Respiratory bronchioli
2. Alveolar duct
3. Alveoli
45
Structure of alveoli
1. Alveolar duct
2. Alveolar sac
3. Alveolus
4. Gas exchange
46
Respiratory Membrane
Air-Blood Barrier
47
Thin squamous epithelial layer lining
alveolar walls
Respiratory Membrane
(Air-Blood Barrier)
48
# Respiratory Membrane
(Air-Blood Barrier)
_ cover external
surfaces of alveoli
Pulmonary capillaries
49
Gas crosses the respiratory membrane
by _
diffusion
50
# Gas Exchange
* Oxygen enters the _
* Carbon dioxide enters the _
blood
alveoli
51
# Gas Exchange
_ add protection
Macrophages
52
# Gas Exchange
_ coats gas-exposed alveolar
surfaces
Surfactant
53
# Events of Respiration
1. Pulmonary ventilation
2. External respiration
3. Respiratory gas transport
4. Internal respiration
54
# Events of Respiration
moving air in and
out of the lungs
Pulmonary ventilation
55
# Events of Respiration
gas exchange
between pulmonary blood and alveoli
External respiration
56
# Events of Respiration
transport of
oxygen and carbon dioxide via the
bloodstream
Respiratory gas transport
57
# Events of Respiration
gas exchange
between blood and tissue cells in
systemic capillaries
Internal respiration
58
# Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)
Completely _ process
mechanical
59
# Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)
Depends on _ in the
thoracic cavity
volume changes
60
# Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)
Volume changes lead to pressure
changes, which lead to the flow of
gases to _
equalize pressure
61
# Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)
Two phases
1. inspiration
2. expiration
62
# Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)
flow of air into lung
inspiration
63
# Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)
air leaving lung
expiration
64
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
contract
Inspiration
65
The size of the thoracic cavity increases
Inspiration
66
# Inspiration
External air is pulled into the lungs due to
an increase in _
intrapulmonary volume
67
Largely a passive process which depends
on natural lung elasticity
Exhalation
68
As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the
lungs
Exhalation
69
Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the _
rib cage
70
Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary
actions
Nonrespiratory Air Movements
71
Nonrespiratory Air Movements
examples
1. Cough and sneeze – clears lungs of debris
2. Laughing
3. Crying
4. Yawn
5. Hiccup
72
# Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Normal breathing moves about _ of air with each breath (tidal volume [TV])
500 ml
73
# Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Many factors that affect respiratory capacity
1. A person’s size
2. Sex
3. Age
4. Physical condition
74
# Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
**Residual volume of air** – after exhalation, about _ of air remains in the lungs
1200 ml
75
# Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
**Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)**
* Amount of air that can be **taken in** forcibly over the tidal volume
* Usually between _
2100 and 3200 ml
76
# Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
**Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)**
* Amount of air that can be forcibly **exhaled**
* Approximately _
1200 ml
77
# Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
_
* Air remaining in lung after expiration
* About 1200 ml
Residual volume
78
# Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
The total amount of exchangeable air
Vital capacity
79
# Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Vital capacity =
Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV
80
# Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
* Air that remains in **conducting zone** and never reaches alveoli
* About **150** ml
Dead space volume
81
# Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
* Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone
* Usually about **350 ml**
Functional volume
82
# Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Respiratory capacities are measured
with a _
spirometer
83
Sounds are monitored with a
stethoscope
Respiratory Sounds
84
# Respiratory Sounds
produced by air
rushing through trachea and bronchi
Bronchial sounds
85
# Respiratory Sounds
soft
sounds of air filling alveoli
Vesicular breathing sounds
86
# External Respiration
Oxygen movement into the blood
* The alveoli always has _ oxygen than the blood
* Oxygen moves by diffusion towards the area of _
* _ gains oxygen
* more
* lower concentration
* Pulmonary capillary blood
87
# External Respiration
Carbon dioxide movement out of the blood
* Blood returning from tissues has _ of carbon dioxide than air in the alveoli
* _ gives up carbon dioxide
* higher concentrations
* Pulmonary capillary blood
88
# External Respiration
Blood leaving the lungs is _
and _
oxygen-rich
carbon dioxide-poor
89
# Gas Transport in the Blood
Oxygen transport in the blood
* Inside red blood cells attached to hemoglobin (_)
* A small amount carried is dissolved in the _
* oxyhemoglobin [HbO2]
* plasma
90
# Gas Transport in the Blood
Carbon dioxide transport in the blood
* Most is transported in the plasma as _
* A small amount is carried inside red blood cells on hemoglobin, _ than those of oxygen
* bicarbonate ion (HCO3–)
* but at different binding sites
91
Exchange of gases between blood and
body cells
Internal Respiration
92
# Internal Respiration
An opposite reaction to what occurs in the lungs
* _ diffuses out of tissue to blood
* _ diffuses from blood into tissue
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
93
# Neural Regulation of Respiration
Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to the brain by the _
phrenic and intercostal nerves
94
# Neural Regulation of Respiration
Neural centers that control rate and depth are
located in the _
medulla
95
# Neural Regulation of Respiration
The _ appears to smooth out respiratory
rate
pons
96
# Neural Regulation of Respiration
Normal respiratory rate (eupnea) is _
respirations per minute
12–15
97
# Neural Regulation of Respiration
_ is increased respiratory rate often
due to extra oxygen needs
Hypernia
98
Factors Influencing Respiratory
Rate and Depth
1. physical factors
* Increased body temperature
* Exercise
* Talking
* Coughing
2. volition - conscious control
3. emotional factors
4. chemical factors
* carbon dioxide levels
* oxygen levels
99
# Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth
Chemical factors: CO2 Levels
* Level of carbon dioxide in the blood is the main regulatory chemical for respiration
* Increased carbon dioxide _ respiration
* Changes in carbon dioxide act directly on the _
increases
medulla oblongata
100
# Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth
Chemical Factors: O2 Levels
* Changes in oxygen concentration in the blood are detected by chemoreceptors in the _
* Information is sent to the **medulla oblongata
**
aorta and carotid artery
101
# Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
* Exemplified by _
* Major causes of death and disability in the United States
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
102
features of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD
* always have history of **smoking**
* labored breathing (**dyspnea**) becomes progressively more severe
* **coughing** and frequent pulmonary infections are common
* most victims retain CO2, are hypoxic and have **respiratory acidosis**
* those infected will ultimately develop **respiratory failure**
103
* **Alveoli enlarge** as adjacent chambers break through
* Chronic inflammation promotes **lung fibrosis**
* **Airways collapse** during expiration
* Patients use a **large amount of energy to exhale**
* Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently **expanded barrel chest**
* **Cyanosis** appears late in the disease
Emphysema
104
* **Mucosa** of the lower respiratory passages becomes **severely inflamed**
* **Mucus** production **increases**
* Pooled mucus **impairs ventilation** and gas exchange
* Risk of lung infection increases
* **Pneumonia** is common
* **Hypoxia** and **cyanosis** occur early
Chronic Bronchitis
105
* Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the United States
* Increased incidence associated with smoking
3 Types
Lung Cancer
* squamous cell carcinoma
* adenocarcinoma
* small cell carcinoma
106
* Apparently **healthy infant stops breathing** and dies during sleep
* Some cases are thought to be a problem of the **neural respiratory control center**
* One third of cases appear to be due to **heart rhythm abnormalities**
Sudden Infant Death syndrome
(SIDS)
107
* Chronic inflamed **hypersensitive bronchiole passages**
* Response to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing
Asthma
108
# Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System
Lungs are filled with _ in the fetus
fluid
109
# Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System
Lungs are not fully inflated with air until
_ after birth
two weeks
110
# Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System
Surfactant that lowers alveolar surface tension is not present until _ in fetal development and may not be present in premature babies
late
111
# Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System
Important birth defects
* _ - oversecretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system
* _
Cystic fibrosis
Cleft palate
112
# Aging Effects
* _ of lungs decreases
* _ decreases
* Blood _ levels decrease
* _ of carbon dioxide decreases
* More risks of respiratory tract infection
Elasticity
Vital capacity
oxygen
Stimulating effects
113
# Respiratory Rate Changes Throughout Life
* Newborns – 40 to 80 respirations per minute
* Infants – _ respirations per minute
* Age 5 – 25 respirations per minute
* Adults – _ respirations per minute
30
12 to 18
