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Human Anatomy and Physiology > 9 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

9 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

The Cardiovascular System

A _ of the heart and blood vessels

  • The heart pumps blood
  • Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
A

closed system

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2
Q

function of the cardiovascular
system

A
  • to deliver oxygen and nutrients
  • to remove carbon dioxide
    and other waste products
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3
Q

location of heart

size?

A
  • Thorax between the lungs
  • Pointed apex directed toward left hip

About the size of your fist

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4
Q

double serous membrane cover of heart

A

Pericardium

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5
Q

Pericardium membranes

A
  1. visceral pericardium
  2. parietal pericardium
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6
Q

The Heart: CoveringsThe Heart: Coverings

Pericardium membrane Outside layer

A

Parietal pericardium

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7
Q

The Heart: CoveringsThe Heart: Coverings

Pericardium membrane Next to heart

A

Visceral pericardium

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8
Q

_ fills the space between the layers of pericardium

A

Serous fluid

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9
Q

The Heart: Heart Wall
3 Layers

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
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10
Q

The Heart: Heart Wall

  • Outside layer
  • This layer is the parietal pericardium
  • Connective tissue layer
A

Epicardium

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11
Q

The Heart: Heart Wall

  • Middle layer
  • Mostly cardiac muscle
A

Myocardium

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12
Q

The Heart: Heart Wall

  • Inner layer
  • Endothelium
A

Endocardium

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13
Q

The Heart: Chambers

A
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14
Q

The Heart: Chambers

Receiving chambers

A

atria
1. Right atrium
2. Left atrium

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15
Q

The Heart: Chambers

Discharging chambers

A

ventricles
1. right ventricle
2. left ventricle

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16
Q

Allow blood to flow in only one direction in the heart

A

The Heart: Valves

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17
Q

The Heart: Valves

between atria and
ventricles

A

Atrioventricular valves

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18
Q

The Heart: Valves

what valves composes Atrioventricular valves

A
  1. bicuspid valve - left
  2. tricuspid valve - right
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19
Q

The Heart: Valves

valves between ventricle and artery

A

Semilunar valves

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20
Q

The Heart: Valves

Semilunar valves composes of valves?

A
  • Pulmonary semilunar valve
  • Aortic semilunar valve
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21
Q

The Heart: Valves

  • Valves open as blood is pumped through
  • Held in place by _ (“heart strings”)
  • Close to prevent backflow
A

chordae tendineae

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22
Q

Operation of the AV valves

  1. Blood returning to the heart fills atria, putting _ against atrioventricular valves; the atrioventricular valves are forced open
  2. as the ventricles fill, atrioventricular valve flaps _ into ventricles
  3. atria contract, forcing additional blood into ventricles
  4. ventricles contract, forcing blood against atrioventricular valves _
  5. atrioventricular valves _
  6. chordae tendineae tighten, preventing valve flaps from _ into atria
A

pressure
hang limply
cusps
close
everting

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23
Q

Operation of the semilunar valves

  1. as the ventricles contract and _ rises, blood is pushed up against semilunar valves, forcing them open
  2. as the ventricles relax, and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from arteries, filling the _ and forcing them to close
A

intraventricular pressure
cusps of semilunar valves

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24
Q

The Heart: Associated Great Vessels

Blood leaves left ventricle and go to what blood vessel?

A

Aorta

blood here is oxygen rich

its from the lungs

toward the body parts

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25
# The Heart: Associated Great Vessels blood Leaves right ventricle and move to?
Pulmonary arteries ## Footnote to lungs
26
# The Heart: Associated Great Vessels Vena cava
Enters right atrium
27
# The Heart: Associated Great Vessels Blood in Pulmonary veins (four) moves towards?
Enter left atrium ## Footnote from the lungs to the body
28
Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system * coronary arteries * cardiac veins
Coronary Circulation
29
# Coronary Circulation Blood empties into the right atrium via the _
coronary sinus
30
It is a system where heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way
Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)
31
# Conduction System 5 Special tissue sets the pace
1. sinoatrial node - pacemaker 2. atrioventricular node - in RA 3. atrioventricular bundle - in RA 4. bundle branches - middle; in between atrium; at septum 5. purkinje fibers - below; at the septum
32
# Heart Contractions Contraction is initiated by the _
sinoatrial node
33
# Heart Contractions Sequential stimulation occurs at other _
autorhythmic cells
34
Cardiac Cycle
Atria contract simultaneously Atria relax, then ventricles contract
35
# Cardiac Cycle contraction
Systole
36
# Cardiac Cycle relaxation
Diastole
37
Cardiac cycle – events of _
one complete heart beat
38
# The Heart: Cardiac Cycle what cardiac cycle refers to the blood flows into ventricles (**ventricles relax**)
Mid-to-late diastole
39
# The Heart: Cardiac Cycle blood pressure builds before **ventricle contracts**, pushing out blood
Ventricular systole
40
# The Heart: Cardiac Cycle atria finish re-filling, ventricular pressure is low
Early diastole
41
Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute
Cardiac output (CO
42
Cardiac output (CO) formular
CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV])
43
Volume of blood pumped by each **ventricle** in one contraction
Stroke volume
44
# The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate Stroke volume usually remains _
relatively constant
45
# The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate what law states that the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction
Starling’s law of the heart
46
# The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate Changing _ is the most common way to change cardiac output
heart rate
47
# Regulation of Heart Rate Increased heart rate 1. _ nervous sytem * crisis * low blood pressure 2. hormones * epinephrine * _ 3. exercise 4. _
sympathetic thyroxine decreased blood volume
48
# Regulation of Heart Rate Decreased heart rate helps in? compensate in?
* Parasympathetic nervous system * High blood pressure or blood volume * Decreased venous return ## Footnote if high BP/ BV, icacalm ng heart via decrease in heart rate fi low ang blood na bumabalik sa heart from lower extremities, iincrease ang heart rate para bumilis
49
system that refers to taking blood to the tissues and back
Blood Vessels: The Vascular System
50
The Vascular System includes
arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins
51
3 layers of blood vessels
1. tunic intima 2. tunic media 3. tunic externa
52
# Blood Vessels: Anatomy Endothelium
Tunic intima
53
# Blood Vessels: Anatomy * Smooth muscle * Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
Tunic media
54
# Blood Vessels: Anatomy Mostly fibrous connective tissue
Tunic externa
55
# Differences Between Blood Vessel Types _ of arteries are the thickest
Walls ## Footnote because the pressure blood came from is high, so it must be thick so it will not burst
56
# lDifferences Between Blood Vessel Types _ of veins are large
Lumens ## Footnote because it delivers blood all over the body, it must be large to have high pressure that will enable the blood to flow throughout the body
57
# Differences Between Blood Vessel Types _ “milks” blood in veins toward the heart
Skeletal muscle ## Footnote pinipiga ang blood vessels so it not move back pababa, ensuring the blood flows in one direction
58
# Differences Between Blood Vessel Types Walls of capillaries are only _ thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue
one cell layer
59
# Movement of Blood Through Vessels _ is pumped by the heart
Most arterial blood
60
# Movement of Blood Through Vessels Veins use the _of muscles to help move blood
milking action
61
Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels
1. vascular shunt 2. true capillaries
62
# Capillary beds directly connects an arteriole to a venule
Vascular shunt
63
# Capillary beds exchange vessels
True capillaries * oxygen and nutrients cross to cells * CO2 and metabolic waste products cross into blood
64
pressure wave of blood
Pulse
65
# Pulse Monitored at “_” where pulse is easily palpated
pressure points
66
Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries
Blood Pressure
67
# Blood Pressure pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
systolic
68
# Blood Pressure pressure when ventricles relax
Diastolic
69
# Blood Pressure Pressure in blood vessels _ as the distance away from the heart _
decreases increases
70
Factors affecting Blood Pressure
1. neural factors 2. renal factors 3. temperature 4. chemicals 5. diet
71
# Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors Temperature * heat has a _ effect * cold has a _ effect
vasodilation vasoconstricting
72
# Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors * regulation by altering blood volume * _ - hormonal control
renal factors renin
73
# Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division)
neural factors
74
# Variations in Blood Pressure normal blood pressure
140 - 110 mm Hg systolic 80 - 75 mm Hg diastolic
75
# Variations in Blood Pressure hypotension
* low systolic - below 110 mm Hg * often associated with illness
76
# Variations in Blood Pressure hypertension
* high systolic - above 140 mm Hg * can be dangerous if it is chronic
77
# Capillary Exchange Substances exchanged due to _
concentration gradients
78
# Capillary Exchange Oxygen and nutrients leave _
the blood
79
# Capillary Exchange Carbon dioxide and other wastes leave _
the cells
80
# Capillary Exchange: Mechanisms * _ across plasma membranes * Endocytosis or exocytosis * Some capillaries have gaps (_) * Plasma membrane not joined by tight junctions * Fenestrations of some capillaries * Fenestrations means - _
Direct diffusion intercellular clefts pores
81
# Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System A simple “tube heart” develops in the embryo and pumps by the _
fourth week
82
# Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System the heart becomes a _ organ by the end of seven weeks
four-chambered
83
# Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System Few structural changes occur after the _
seventh week

Human Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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