6 Special Senses Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
General senses of touch
A
- Temperature
- Pressure
- Pain
2
Q
Special senses
A
- Smell
- Taste
- Sight
- Hearing
- Equilibrium
3
Q
- are either large, complex sensory organs (eyes and ears) or
- localized clusters or receptors (taste buds and olfactory epithelium)
A
Special sense
receptors
4
Q
_ percent of all sensory receptors are
in the eyes
A
70
5
Q
Each eye has over a _ nerve fibers
A
million
6
Q
Protection for the eye
* Most of the eye is enclosed in a _
* A cushion of fat surrounds most of the eye
A
bony orbit
7
Q
8 Accessory Structures of the Eye
A
- Eyelids
- Eyelashes
- Meibomian glands
- Ciliary glands
- Conjunctiva
- Lacrimal apparatus (gland and canals)
- Lacrimal sac
- Nasolacrimal duct
8
Q
empties lacrimal
fluid into the nasal
cavity
A
Nasolacrimal duc
kaya kapag umiiyak, sinisipon din
9
Q
provides passage
of lacrimal fluid
towards nasal
cavity
A
Lacrimal sac
10
Q
drains lacrimal
fluid from eyes
A
Lacrimal canals
11
Q
produces lacrimal fluid
A
Lacrimal gland
12
Q
- Membrane that lines the eyelids
- Connects to the surface of the eye
- Secretes mucus to lubricate the eye
A
Conjunctiva
13
Q
modified sweat glands
between the eyelashes
A
Ciliary glands
14
Q
modified sebaceous glands produce an oily secretion to lubricate the eye
A
Meibomian glands
15
Q
2 Function of the Lacrimal Apparatus
A
- Protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye
- Empties into the nasal cavity
16
Q
2 Properties of lacrimal fluid
A
- Dilute salt solution (tears)
- Contains antibodies and lysozyme
17
Q
- Muscles attach to the outer surface of the eye
- Produce gross eye movements and make it possible to follow moving objects
A
Extrinsic (External) Eye Muscles
18
Q
- The wall of the eye is composed of three tunics – _
- while the interior is filled with fluids called _
A
coats
humors
19
Q
eye wall layer
outside layer
A
Fibrous tunic (sclera)
20
Q
eye wall layer
middle
layer
A
Choroid
21
Q
eye wall layer
inside
layer
A
Sensory
tunic
22
Q
- White connective tissue layer
- Seen anteriorly as the “white of the eye
A
Sclera
a fibrous tunic
23
Q
- Transparent, central anterior portion
- Allows for light to pass through
- Repairs itself easily
- The only human tissue that can be transplanted without fear of rejection – no blood vessels
A
Cornea
a fibrous tunic
24
Q
- Blood-rich nutritive tunic
- Dark pigment prevents light from scattering inside the eye
A
Choroid Layer
25
a choroid layer that is smooth muscle to which the lens
is attached
Ciliary body
26
a choroid layer that is
* Pigmented layer that gives eye color
iris
27
rounded opening in the iris for light to
enter
pupil
28
Sensory Tunic (Retina)Sensory Tunic (Retina) have receptor cells: (photoreceptors)
1. rods
2. cones
29
Signals pass from photoreceptors via a two-neuron chain
* Bipolar neurons
* Ganglion cells
30
Signals leave the retina toward the brain
through the _
optic nerve
31
* Most are found towards the **edges of the retina**
* Allow **dim light vision** and **peripheral vision**
* Perception is all in **gray** tones
Rods
32
* Allow for detailed color vision in bright light
* Densest in the center of the retina
cones
33
_ – area of the retina with only cones – lateral to each **blind spot**
Fovea centralis
34
_ photoreceptor cells are at the optic disk, or blind spot – where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball
No
35
36
3 types of cones
* 420 nm blue cones
* 530 nm green cones
* 560 nm red cones
37
Color blindness is the result
of lack of _ cone type
one
38
Impulses received at the
same time are interpreted
as _ colors
intermediate
39
* Biconvex crystal-like structure
* Held in place by a s**uspensory ligament** attached to the ciliary body
lens
40
Internal Eye Chamber Fluid
* Aqueous humor
* Vitreous humor
41
* Watery fluid found in chamber between the **lens and cornea**
* Similar to blood plasma
* Helps maintain **intraocular pressure**
* Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea
* Reabsorbed into venous blood through the canal of Schlemm
Aqueous humor
42
* Gel-like substance behind the lens
* Keeps the eye from **collapsing inward** by reinforcing it internally
* Lasts a lifetime and is **not replaced**
Vitreous humor
43
Cataracts form when the
lens becomes _ over time
requiring a transplant or
special glasses
increasingly
hard and opaque
44
_ results when the **drainage of aqueous humor** is **blocked** and **pressure within the eye increases** dramatically and compresses the delicate retina and optic nerve causing pain and blindness
Glaucoma
45
Light must be focused to a point on the _ for optimal vision – done by the lens
retina
46
The resting eye is set
for distance vision
over 20 ft away
47
The lens must change
shape to focus for
_ objects –
accommodation
closer
48
Images Formed on the Retina
Real image (reversed left to right, and upside down) formed on the retina
49
optic nerve croses at the _ to the opposite side
optic chiasma
50
In eyes
Fiber tracts that
result are the _
optic
tracts
51
The optic tract fibers
synapse with neurons in
the thalamus, whose axons
form _
optic radiation
52
# Eye Reflexes
Internal muscles are controlled by the
_ nervous system
autonomic
53
Bright light causes pupils to constrict through action of radial and ciliary muscles _
photopupillary reflex
54
Viewing close objects causes accommodation
– _
accommodation pupillary reflex
55
Viewing close objects causes _ (eyes moving medially (toward nose))
convergence
56
ear houses 2 senses
1. hearing
2. equilibrium - balance
57
ear Receptors are _ –
respond to physical forces
mechanoreceptors
58
3 areas of ear
1. outer ear - external
2. middle ear
3. inner ear - internal
59
Outer and middle ear structures involved in _ only while inner ear functions in both _
hearing
equilibrium and hearing
60
2 structures of external ear
1. pinna (auricle) - the ear
2. external auditory canal
61
* Narrow chamber in the temporal bone
* Lined with skin
* Ceruminous (wax) glands are present that secrete earwax – _
* Ends at the _ (eardrum) where sound waves hit and cause vibrations
External Auditory Canal
cerumen
tympanic membrane
62
Air-filled cavity within the temporal bon
Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity
63
Two tubes are associated with the inner ear
* the oval window
* inferior membrane-covered round wind
64
The opening from the auditory canal is covered by the _
tympanic membrane
65
The auditory tube connecting the middle ear
with the _
Allows for equalizing _ during yawning or swallowing – This tube is otherwise collapsed
throat
pressure
66
Three bones span
the cavity – the
ossicles
1. Malleus (hammer)
1. Incus (anvil)
1. Stapes (stirrup)
67
Vibrations from eardrum move the _
These bones transfer sound to the inner ear
malleus
68
A maze of bony chambers within the temporal bone called the _
osseous or bony labyrinth
69
osseous or bony labyrinth consists of
1. cochlea
2. vestibule
3. semicircular canals
70
# Inner Ear or Bony Labyrinth
Filled with a plasma-like fluid called _
Inside is a membranous labyrinth that contains a thicker fluid called _
perilymph
endolymph
71
Located within the cochlea
Organ of Corti
72
Receptors = hair cells on the basilar
membrane –
hearing receptors
73
Gel-like _ membrane is capable of
bending hair cells
tectorial
74
Cochlear nerve attached to hair cells transmits nerve impulses to auditory cortex on _ lobe
temporal
75
Vibrations from sound waves move
_
tectorial membrane
76
In ears,
An action potential starts in the _
cochlear
nerve
77
Continued stimulation can lead to
adaptation – _ responding to those sounds
stop
## Footnote
hindi na magugulat since nasanay na yung ears
78
# organs of equilibrium
Receptor cells are in two structures
vestibule
semicircular canals
79
Equilibrium has two functional parts
1. static equilibrium
2. dynamic equilibrium
80
# static equilibrium
– receptors in the vestibule
maculae
81
# static equilibrium
* Report on the position of the head with respect to gravity – help determine up from down
* Send information via the vestibular nerve
maculae
82
# Anatomy of the maculae
* Hair cells are embedded in the _ membrane
* _ (tiny stones) float in a gel around the hair cells
* Movements cause 2_ to bend the hair cells which send impulses along the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum
otolithic
Otoliths
83
# dynamic equilibrium
receptors in the
semicircular canals
Crista ampullaris
84
Crista ampullaris consists of
1. tuft of hair cells
2. cupula (gelatinous cap) covers the hair cells
85
Receptors respond to angular or rotatory
movements of the head
dynamic equilibrium
86
# dynamic equilibrium
* The cupula stimulates the hair cells – _
* An impulse is sent via the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum
gelatinous cap
87
taste and smell uses what kind of receptors
chemical senses/
chemoreceptors
88
Taste has _ types of receptors
four
89
Smell can differentiate a _ range of
chemicals
large
90
Both taste and smell senses complement each other and respond to many of the _ stimuli
same
91
are in the roof of the
nasal cavity
Olfactory receptors
92
# olfaction
Neurons with long cilia
olfactory hairs
93
In smell,
Chemicals must be dissolved in _ for detection
mucus
94
Impulses are transmitted via the _ which makes up the olfactory nerves
olfactory filaments
95
Interpretation of smells is made in the
_
olfactory cortex
96
# gustatory
_
house the
receptor
organs
Taste buds
97
Location of taste buds
1. most are on tongue
2. soft palate
3. inner cheeks
98
The dorsal tongue is covered with
projections called _
papillae
99
papillae sharp with no taste buds
Filiform papillae
100
papillae rounded with taste buds
Fungiform papillae
101
– large papillae with
taste buds
Circumvallate papillae
102
Taste buds are found on the _ of
papillae
sides
103
The specific cells that respond to chemical dissolved in saliva are _ -
Gustatory cells are the receptors
epithelial cells
104
Gustatory cells Have _ (long microvilli)
gustatory hairs
## Footnote
Surrounded by supporting cells in the taste bud
105
# taste buds
Hairs are stimulated by chemicals dissolved in
_
saliva
106
Impulses are carried to the _ by several cranial nerves because taste buds are found in different areas
gustatory complex
107
taste buds can be found
* facial nerve - anterior tongue
* glossopharyngeal nerve
* vagus nerve
108
4 taste sensations
1. sweet receptors
2. sour receptors
3. bitter receptors
4. salty receptors
109
Sweet receptors
* Sugars
* Saccharine
* Some amino acid
* May respond to the OH-
110
Sour receptors
* Acids
* May respond to the H+
111
Bitter receptors
Alkaloids
112
Metal ions in solution
Salty receptors
113
# Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses
* Formed early in embryonic development
* Eyes are _ of the brain
* **All** special senses are _ at birth
outgrowths
functional
