13 Urogenital System Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
Functions of the Urinary System
Elimination of waste products like
A
- Nitrogenous wastes
- Toxins
- Drugs
2
Q
Functions of the Urinary System
Regulate aspects of homeostasis in terms of
A
- Water balance
- Electrolytes
- Acid-base balance in the blood
- Blood pressure
- Red blood cell production
- Activation of vitamin D
3
Q
Organs of the Urinary system
A
- kidneys
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
4
Q
location of the kidneys
A
- against dorsal body wall
- at the level of T12 to L13
5
Q
Location of the Kidneys
The right kidney is slightly _ than
the left
A
lower
6
Q
Location of the Kidneys
Attached to ureters, _,
and _ at renal hilus
A
renal blood vessels
nerves
7
Q
Location of the Kidneys
Atop each kidney is an _
A
adrenal gland
8
Q
Coverings of the Kidneys
A
- renal capsule
- adipose capsule
9
Q
Coverings of the Kidneys
Surrounds each kidney
A
Renal capsule
10
Q
Coverings of the Kidneys
- Surrounds the kidney
- Provides protection to the kidney
- Helps keep the kidney in its correct location
A
Adipose capsule
11
Q
Regions of the Kidney
A
- renal cortex
- renal medulla
- renal pelvis
12
Q
Regions of the Kidney
outer region
A
renal cortex
13
Q
Regions of the Kidney
inside the cortex
A
renal medulla
14
Q
Regions of the Kidney
inner collecting tube
A
renal pelvis
15
Q
Kidney Structures
A
- medullary pyramids
- renal columns
- calyces
16
Q
Kidney Structures
triangular regions
of tissue in the medulla
A
Medullary pyramids
17
Q
Kidney Structures
extensions of cortexlike material inward
A
Renal columns
18
Q
Kidney Structures
cup-shaped structures that
funnel urine towards the renal pelvis
A
Calyces
19
Q
Blood Flow in the Kidneys
A
- aorta
- renal artery
- segmental artery
- lobar artery
- interlobar artery
- arcuate artery
- interlobular artery
- afferent arteriole
- glomerulus *capillaries
- efferent arteriole
- peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
- interlobular vein
- arcuate vein
- interlobar vein
- renal vein
- inferior vena cava
20
Q
The structural and functional units of the
kidneys
A
Nephrons
21
Q
Nephrons are Responsible for forming _
A
urine
22
Q
Main structures of the nephrons
A
- glomerulus
- renal tubule
23
Q
- A specialized capillary bed
- attached to arterioles on both sides
- maintains high pressure
A
glomerulus
24
Q
arterioles in glomerulus
A
- large afferent arteriole
- narrow efferent arteriole
25
# Glomerulus
Capillaries are
covered with what type of cell
that is from
the renal tubule
podocytes
26
The glomerulus
sits within a _
(the first part of the
renal tubule)
glomerular capsule
27
Renal Tubule Components
1. Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
1. Proximal convolutedtubule
1. Loop of Henle
1. Distal convoluted tubule
28
2 Types of Nephrons
1. Cortical nephrons
2. Juxtamedullary nephrons
29
# Types of Nephrons
Found at the boundary of the cortex and
medulla
Juxtamedullary nephrons
30
# Types of Nephrons
* Located entirely in the cortex
* Includes most nephrons
Cortical nephrons
31
* Arise from efferent arteriole of the glomerulus
* Normal, low pressure capillaries
* Attached to a venule
* Cling close to the renal tubule
* Reabsorb (reclaim) some substances from collecting tubes
Peritubular Capillaries
32
3 Urine Formation Processes
1. filtration
2. reabsorption
3. secretion
33
# **Filtration**
* _ passive process
* Water and solutes _ than proteins are forced through **capillary walls**
* _ cannot pass out to the capillaries
* Filtrate is **collected** in the _ and **leaves** via the _
* Nonselective
* smaller
* Blood cells
* glomerular capsule
* renal tubule
34
# **Reabsorption**
* The _ reabsorb several materials
Some water
Glucose
Amino acids
Ions
* Some reabsorption is passive, most is _
* Most reabsorption occurs in the _
* peritubular capillaries
* active
* proximal convoluted tubule
35
Materials Not Reabsorbed
1. nitrogenous waste products
* urea
* uric acid
* creatinine
2. excess water
36
Reabsorption in
Reverse
Secretion
37
# Secretion
* Some materials move from the _ into the renal tubules; such as
* Materials left in the renal tubule move toward the _
* peritubular capillaries
* Hydrogen and potassium ions
* Creatinine
* ureter
38
Characteristics of Urine Used for
Medical Diagnosis
* Colored somewhat yellow due to the pigment **urochrome** (from the destruction of hemoglobin) and solutes
* Sterile
* Slightly aromatic
* Normal pH of around 6
* Specific gravity of 1.001 to 1.035
39
# Ureter
* **Slender tubes** attaching the kidney to the bladder
* Continuous with the renal pelvis
* Enter the _ aspect of the bladder
* Runs behind the _
* _ aids gravity in urine transport
posterior
peritoneum
Peristalsis
40
* Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac
* Temporarily stores urine
Urinary Bladder
41
Urinary bladder is _ (3 openings)
trigone
2 from ureters
1 to urethra
42
# **Urinary Bladder Wall**
* _ layers of smooth muscle
(detrusor muscle)
* Mucosa made of _ epithelium
* Walls are _ in an empty bladder
* Bladder can expand significantly without increasing _
* Three
* transitional
* thick and folded
* internal pressure
43
# **Urethra**
* Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body by _
* Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters
* peristalsis
* internal urethral sphincter -involuntary
* external urethral sphincter - voluntary
44
# Urethra Gender Differences
length
* Females – 3–4 cm (1 inch)
* Males – 20 cm (8 inches)
45
# Urethra Gender Differences
location
* Females – along wall of the vagina
* Males – through the prostate and penis
46
# Urethra Gender Differences
function
* Females – only carries urine
* Males – carries urine and is a passageway for sperm cells
47
Both sphincter muscles must open to
allow _
Micturition (Voiding)
## Footnote
Micturition - process of urine excretion
48
# Micturition (Voiding)
* The _ is relaxed after stretching of the bladder
* Activation is from an impulse sent to the spinal cord and then back via the _ nerves
* The external urethral sphincter must be _ relaxed
* internal urethral sphincter
* pelvic splanchnic
* voluntarily
49
# Maintaining Water Balance
Normal amount of water in the human
body
* Young adult females – 50%
* Young adult males – 60%
* Babies – 75%
* Old age – 45%
## Footnote
Water is necessary for many body
functions and levels must be maintained
50
body fluids
* intracellular fluid - inside cells
* extracellular fluid - outside cells; interstitial fluid and blood plasma
51
# Distribution of Body Fluid
* intracellular fluid -
* extracellular fluid -
* interstitial fluid -
* blood plasma -
total body water vol = 40 L, 60% body weight
* 25L, 40% BW
* 15L, 20% BW
* 12L, 80% of ECF
* 3L, 20% of ECF
52
# The Link Between Water and Salt
Changes in _ balance causes water to move from one compartment to another
* Alters _
* Can impair the activity of cells
electrolyte
blood volume and blood pressure
53
# Maintaining Water Balance
Water _ must equal water output
intake
54
# Maintaining Water Balance
Sources for water intake
* **Ingested** foods and fluids
* Water produced from **metabolic processes**
55
# Maintaining Water Balance
Sources for water output
* **Vaporization** out of the lungs
* Lost in **perspiration**
* Leaves the body in the **feces**
* **Urine** production
56
# Maintaining Water Balance
_ urine is produced if water intake
is excessive
dilute
57
# Maintaining Water Balance
Less urine (_) is produced if
large amounts of water are lost
concentrated
58
# Maintaining Water Balance
Proper concentrations of various
_ must be present
electrolytes
59
# Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Reabsorption
Regulation is primarily by hormones
* _ prevents **excessive water loss** in urine
* _ regulates **sodium ion content** of extracellular fluid
* Triggered by the _ mechanism
* Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
* Aldosterone
* renin-angiotensin
60
# Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Reabsorption
Cells in the kidneys and hypothalamus
are _ monitors
active
61
# Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in Blood
**Blood pH** must remain between **7.35
and 7.45** to maintain homeostasis
if not_
Alkalosis - above 7.45
Acidosis - below 7.35
62
# Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in Blood
Most ions originate as _ of
cellular metabolism
byproducts
63
# Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in Blood
Most acid-base balance is maintained
by the _
kidneys
64
# Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in Blood
Other acid-base controlling systems
1. blood buffers
2. respiration
65
Molecules react to prevent dramatic changes in hydrogen ion (H+) concentrations
how?
blood buffers
* Bind to H+ when pH drops
* Release H+ when pH rises
66
# Blood Buffers
Three major chemical buffer systems
1. Bicarbonate buffer system
1. Phosphate buffer system
1. Protein buffer system
67
The Bicarbonate Buffer System
mixture of?
* carbonic acid (H2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
68
# The Bicarbonate Buffer System
Bicarbonate ions (HCO –) react with
_ acids to change them to _ acids
strong
weak
69
# The Bicarbonate Buffer System
**Carbonic acid dissociates** in the presence of a _ to form a _ and water
strong base
weak base
70
# Respiratory System Controls of Acid-Base Balance
Carbon dioxide in the blood is converted to _ and transported in the plasma
bicarbonate ion
71
# Respiratory System Controls of Acid-Base Balance
Increases in hydrogen ion concentration produces more _
carbonic acid
72
# Respiratory System Controls of Acid-Base Balance
Excess hydrogen ion can be blown off with the release of _ from the lungs
carbon dioxide
73
# Respiratory System Controls of Acid-Base Balance
Respiratory rate can rise and fall depending
on changing _
blood pH
74
# Renal Mechanisms of Acid-Base Balance
* _ bicarbonate ions if needed
* _ new bicarbonate ions if needed
* Urine pH varies from _
* Excrete
* Conserve or generate
* 4.5 to 8.0
75
# Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System
Functional kidneys are developed by
the _ month
third
76
# Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System
Urinary system of a newborn
* Bladder is small
* Urine cannot be concentrated
77
# Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System
Control of the voluntary urethral
sphincter does not start until age _
18 months
78
# Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System
Urinary infections are the only common
problems before _
old age
79
# Aging and the Urinary System
There is a progressive decline in urinary
function as we _
age
80
# Aging and the Urinary System
The _ shrinks with aging
bladder
81
# Aging and the Urinary System
Urinary retention is common in _
males
