3 Skeletal System Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
5 Parts of the skeletal system
A
- Bones (skeleton)
- Joints
- Cartilages
- Ligaments (bone to bone)
- tendon (bone to muscle
2
Q
two divisions of skeletal system
A
- axial skeleton
- appendicular skeleton
3
Q
3 parts of axial skeleton
A
- bones of the skull/ skull
- vertebral column
- rib cage/ bony thorax
4
Q
3 parts of appendicular skeleton
A
- bones of the upper and lower limbs/ limbs (appendages)
- shoulder/ pectoral girdle
- hip/ pelvic girdle
5
Q
functions of bones
A
- support of the body
- protection of soft organs
- movement due to attached skeletal muscles
- storage of minerals and fats
- blood cell formation
6
Q
adult skeleton how many bones
A
206 bones
7
Q
basic types of bone tissue
A
- compact bone
- spongy bone
8
Q
homogeneous type of bone tissue
A
compact bone
9
Q
type of bone tissue that is small needle-like pieces of bone and have many open spaces
A
spongy bone
10
Q
classification of bones on the basis of shape
A
- long bone
- short bones
- flat bone
- irregular bone
11
Q
classification of bones
- typically longer than wide
- have a shaft with heads at both ends
- contain mostly compact bone
A
long bones
12
Q
classification of bones
- generally cube-shape
- contain mostly spongy bone
A
short bones
13
Q
classification of bones
- thin and flattened
- usually curved
- thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
A
flat bones
14
Q
classification of bones
- irregular shape
- do not fit into other classification categories
A
irregular bones
15
Q
examples of irregular bones
A
- vertebrae
- hip/ pelvic
16
Q
examples of long bones
A
- femur
- humerus
17
Q
examples of short bones
A
- carpals
- tarsals
18
Q
examples of flat bones
A
- skull
- ribs
- sternum
19
Q
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone into two
A
- diaphysis
- epiphysis
20
Q
anatomy of a long bone
- shaft (middle)
- composed of compact bone
A
diaphysis
21
Q
anatomy of a long bone
- ends of the bone
- composed mostly of spongy bone
A
epiphysis
22
Q
5 structures found in a long bone
A
- periosteum
- sharpey’s fibers
- arteries
- articular cartilage
- medullary cavity
23
Q
structures in a long bone
- cavity of the shaft
- contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
- contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infacnts
A
medullary cavity
24
Q
structures in a long bone
- covers the external surface of the epiphyses
- made of hyaline cartilage
- decreases friction at joint surfaces
A
articular cartilage
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# structures in a long bone
* supply bone cells with nutrients
arteries
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# structures in a long bone
* secure periosteum to underlying bone
sharpey's fibers
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# structures in a long bone
* outside covering of the diaphysis
* fibrous connective tissue membrane
periosteum
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* surface features of bones
* sites of attachements for muscles, tendons and ligaments
* passages for nerves and blood vessels
Bone Markings
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categories of bone markings
1. **projections and processes** - grow out from the bone surface
2. **depressions or cavities** - indentations
30
# Changes in the Human Skeleton
In embryos, the skeleton is primarily _
hyaline cartilage
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# Changes in the Human Skeleton
During development (from infancy to growth), much of this cartilage is replaced by _
bone
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# Changes in the Human Skeleton
Cartilage remains in these isolated areas
1. bridge of the nose
2. parts of ribs
3. joints
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# Bone Growth
1. _ allow for growth of long bone during childhood
* New cartilage is _
* Older cartilage becomes _
* Cartilage is broken down
* Bone replaces cartilage
1. Epiphyseal plates
* continuously formed
* ossified
| ossify - becomes hard; changes into bone
34
# Bone Growth
1. Bones are _ until growth stops
* Bones change shape somewhat
* Bones grow in width
remodeled and lengthened
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# Microscopic Anatomy of Bones
**Osteocytes** are found within the bone matrix in tiny cavities called _
lacunae
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# Microscopic Anatomy of Bones
The lacunae are arranged in **concentric circles** called **lamellae** around central canals (also called _).
Haversian canals
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# Microscopic Anatomy of Bones
Each complex consisting of a central canal and matrix rings is called an _ , and is the structural and **functional unit of compact bone**.
osteon, or Haversian system
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# Microscopic Anatomy of Bones
The _ form a transportation system that connects all the bone cells to the nutrient supply and waste removal services **through the hard bone matrix**
canaliculi
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# Microscopic Anatomy of Bones
_ are channels that assist with blood and nerve supply **from the periosteum to the Haversian canal**
Volkmann's canals
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# Bone Formation
**Bone ossification** is the **formation of new bone**, which begins as an embryo and continues until early adulthood. It can occur in two ways; through _ or _.
intramembranous or endochondral ossification
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# Bone Formation
begins between the _ weeks of embryonic development and continues until about age _
sixth and seventh
twenty-five
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# Bone Formation
* **Osteoblasts** in the periosteum **add bone** matrix to the outside of the diaphysis
* cells called _ in the endosteum **remove bone** from the inner face of the diaphysis wall, enlarging the medullary cavity
osteoclasts
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# Bone Formation
This process by which **bones increase in diameter** is called _, and like growth in length, is controlled by hormones.
appositional growth
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# Bone Formation
The most important hormones are _ and, during puberty, the _.
growth hormone
sex hormones
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3 Types of Bone Cells
1. osteocytes
2. osteoblasts
3. osteoclasts
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# Types of Bone Cells
* mature bone cells
osteocytes
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# Types of Bone Cells
* bone-forming cells
osteoblasts
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# Types of Bone Cells
* bone-destroying cells
* break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
osteoclasts
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# Bone Remodeling
process of skeletal change is known as _, which both protects the structural integrity of the skeletal system and metabolically contributes to the body's balance of **calcium and phosphorus**
bone remodeling
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# Bone Remodeling
Remodeling entails the _ of old or damaged bone, followed by the deposition of new bone material
resorption
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A break in a bone
Bone Fractures
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2 Types of bone fractures
1. Closed (simple) fracture
2. Open (compound) fracture
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# Types of bone fractures
– break that does not
penetrate the skin
Closed (simple) fracture
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# Types of bone fractures
broken bone
penetrates through the skin
Open (compound) fracture
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Bone fractures are treated by _
and _
reduction and immobilization
| Realignment of the bone
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# Repair of Bone Fractures
what is formed during (repair of) bone fractures
hematoma (blood-filled swelling)
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# Repair of Bone Fractures
Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to
form a _
callus
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# Repair of Bone Fractures
Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a _
bony callus
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# Repair of Bone Fractures
Bony callus is remodeled to form a _
permanent patch
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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
1. Hematoma formation
2. Fibrocartilage callus formation
3. Bony callus formation
4. Bone remodelling
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2 sets of bones in the skull
1. cranium
2. facial bones
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# The Skull
Bones are joined by _
sutures
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# The Skull
Only the _ is attached by a freely movable joint
mandible
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Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Paranasal Sinuses
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2 Functions of paranasal sinuses
1. lighten the skull
2. give resonance and amplification to voice
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* The only bone that does not articulate (move) with another bone
* Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
hyoid bone
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The fetal skull is _ compared to the infants total body length
large
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# Fetal Skull
fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones
Fontanelles
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# Fetal Skull
Convert to bone
within 24 months
after birth
Fontanelles
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# Fetal Skull
Allow the brain
to grow
Fontanelles
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# The Vertebral Column
Vertebrae
separated by _
intervertebral discs
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# The Vertebral Column
The spine has a
normal _
curvature
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# The Vertebral Column
Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its _
location
74
Forms a cage to protect major organs
Bony Thorax
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3 parts of Bony Thorax
1. sternum
2. ribs
3. thoracic vertebrae
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2 bones of Pectoral (shoulder) Girdle
1. clavicle - collarbone
2. scapula - shoulder blade
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These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
1. Pectoral Girdle
* clavicle
* scapula
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# Bones of the Upper Limb
The arm is formed by a single bone
humerus
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# Bones of the Upper Limb
The forearm
has two bones
1. ulna
2. radius
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# Bones of the Upper LImb
3 in the hand
1. carpals - wrist
2. metacarpals - palm
3. phalanges - fingers
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3 pair of fused bones of Pelvic Girdle
1. Illium
2. Ischium
3. Pubic bone
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The total weight of the upper body rests on the _
pelvis
83
Function of Pelvic Girdle
Protects several organs
* Reproductive organs
* Urinary bladder
* Part of the large intestine
84
pubic arch of gender differences of the pelvis
Male: less than 90 degrees
Female: more than 90 degrees
85
# Bones of the Lower Limbs
The thigh has
one bone
Femur – thigh
bone
86
# Bones of the Lower Limbs
The leg has
two bones
1. tibia
2. fibula
87
# Bones of the Lower Limbs
3 bones in the foot
1. talus (ankle)
2. metatarsals
3. Phalanges - toes
88
Articulations of bones
Joints
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Functions of joints
Hold bones together
Allow for mobility
90
Ways joints are classified
Functionally
Structurally
91
Functional Classification of Joints
1. Synarthroses
2. Amphiarthroses
3. Diarthroses
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# Functional Classification of Joints
immovable joints
synarthroses
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# Functional Classification of Joints
slightly moveable joints
amphiarthroses
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# Functional Classification of Joints
freely moveable joints
diarthroses
95
3 Structural Classification of Joints
1. fibrous joints
2. cartilaginous joints
3. synovial joints
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# Structural Classification of Joints
Bones united by fibrous tissue –
synarthrosis or largely/ generally immovable
fibrous joints
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# Structural Classification of Joints
* immovable or slightly moveable/ amphiarthroses
* bones connected by cartilage
cartilaginous joints
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# Structural Classification of Joints
* freely moveable/ diarthroses
* articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
* synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
synovial joints
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examples of cartilaginous joints
* pubic symphysis
* intervertebral joints
100
example of synovial joints
* in humerus - articular cartilage and articular capsule
* in carpals -articular capsule
* in tibia and fibula - fibrous connective tissue
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# Features of Synovial Joints -Diarthroses
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) _ of bones
covers the ends
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# Features of Synovial Joints -Diarthroses
Joint surfaces are enclosed by a _
fibrous
articular capsule
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# Features of Synovial Joints -Diarthroses
Have a joint cavity filled with _
synovial
fluid
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# Features of Synovial Joints -Diarthroses
_ reinforce the joint
Ligaments
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Structures Associated with the
Synovial Joint
1. bursae
2. tendon sheath
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# Structures Associated with the
Synovial Joint
* flattened fibrous sacs
* Lined with synovial membranes
* Filled with synovial fluid
* Not actually part of the joint
bursae
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# Structures Associated with the
Synovial Joint
**Elongated bursa** that wraps around a tendon
tendon sheath
108
6 Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape
1. Plane joint
2. Hinge joint
3. Pivot joint
4. Condyloid joint
5. Saddle Joint
6. Ball-and-socket joint
109
Inflammatory Conditions
Associated with Joints
1. bursitis
2. tendonitis
3. arthritis
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# Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints
inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
bursitis
111
# Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints
inflammation of tendon sheaths
tendonitis
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# Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints
* inflammatory or degenerative diaseases of joints
* over 100 different types
* most widespread crippling disease in US
arthritis
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2 Clinical Forms of Arthritis
1. osteoarthritis
2. rheumatoid arthritis
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# Clinical Forms of Arthritis
* most common chronic arthritis
* probably related to normal aging processes
* cartilages worn out and synovial fluid increases, thus joint feels stiff and sore
osteoarthritis
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# Clinical Forms of Arthritis
* **auto-immune disease** - the immune system attackes the joints
* symptoms begin with **bilateral inflammation** of certain joints
* often **leads to deformities**
rheumatoid arthritis
