1 Intro & Homeostasis Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
refers to the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another
A
Anatomy
2
Q
deals with the structures of the body that are visible to the naked eye
A
Gross anatomy
Structures such as muscles, bones, digestive organs, or
skin can be examined, historically, by means of cadaveric dissections
3
Q
is the study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye
A
Microscopic anatomy
4
Q
refers to the study of how the body and its parts work or function
A
Physiology
5
Q
Levels of
Structural
Organization
A
chemical level/ atoms
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system level
organismal level
6
Q
- forms the external body covering
- protects deeper tissue from injury
- synthesizes vitamin D
- location of sensory receptors (pain, pressure, etc) and sweat and oil glands
A
integumentary system
7
Q
- protects and supports body organs
- provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement
- blood cells are formed within the bones
- stores minerals
A
skeletal system
8
Q
- allows manipulation of the environment
- locomotion and facial expression
- maintains posture
- produces heat
A
muscular system
9
Q
3 organs of integumentary system
A
hair
skin
fingernails
10
Q
3 organs of skeletal system
A
cartilages
joint
bones
11
Q
organs of muscular system
A
skeletal muscles
12
Q
4 organs of nervous system
A
brain
sensory receptor
spinal cord
nerves
13
Q
7 organs of endocrine system
A
pituitary gland
pineal gland
thyroid gland (parathyroid glands on posterior aspect)
thymus gland
adrenal glands
pancreas
testis/ ovary
14
Q
2 organs of cardiovascular system
A
heart
blood vessels
15
Q
- fast-acting control system of the body
- responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
A
nervous system
16
Q
- glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells
A
endocrine system
17
Q
- blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, wastes, etc
- the heart pumps blood
A
cardiovascular system
18
Q
2 organs of lymphatic system
A
lymph nodes
lymphatic vessels
19
Q
6 organs of respiratory system
A
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
20
Q
6 organs of digestive system
A
oral cavity
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
21
Q
- picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
- disposes debris in the lymphatic stream
- houses white blood cells involved in immunity
A
lymphatic system
22
Q
- keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
- gas exchange occurs through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
A
respiratory system
23
Q
- breaks food down into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
- indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
A
digestive system
24
Q
4 organs of urinary system
A
kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
25
5 organs of reproductive organs of male
prostate gland
testis
scrotum
penis
seminal vesicles
26
5 organs of reproductive system of female
mammary glands (in breasts)
uterine tube
ovary
uterus
vagina
27
* eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body
* regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood
urinary system
28
overall function of reproductive system
production of offspring
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produce sperm and male sex hormone
testes
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aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract
ducts and glands
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produce eggs and female sex hormones
ovaries
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produce milk to nourish the newborn
mammary glands of female breasts
33
Life Maintenance and
Function
* Maintaining Boundaries
* Movement
* Responsiveness
* Digestion
* Metabolism
* Excretion
* Reproduction
* Growth
34
For growth to occur, cell-constructing activities must occur at a _ rate than
cell-destroying ones.
faster
35
Survival Needs
* Nutrients
* Oxygen
* Water
* Normal Body Temperature
* Atmospheric Pressure
36
# Anatomical Position
standing _ and facing forward with each arm hanging oneither side of the body, and the palms facing _. The legs are _, with feet flat on the floor and facing forward
upright
forward
parallel
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toward the head end/ upper part of a structure/ body
above
superior (cranial or cephalic)
## Footnote
the forehead is superior to the nose
38
away from the head end/ toward the lower part of a structure/ body
below
inferior (caudal)
## Footnote
the navel is inferior to the breastbone
39
toward/ at the front of the body
in front of
anterior/ ventral
## Footnote
the breastbone is anterior to the spine
40
toward/ at the backside of the body
behind
posterior/ dorsal
## Footnote
the heart is posterior to the breastbone
41
toward/ at the midline of the body
on the inner side of
medial
## Footnote
the heart is medial to the arm
42
away from the midline of the body
on the outer side of
lateral
## Footnote
the arms are lateral to the chest
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between a more medial and a more lateral structure
intermediate
## Footnote
the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and the shoulder
44
close to the origin of the body part/ the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
proximal
## Footnote
the elbow is proximal to the wrist
(the elbow is closer to the shoulder/ attachment point of the arm than the wrist is)
45
farther from the origin of a body part/ the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal
## Footnote
the knee is distal to the thigh
46
toward/ at the body surface
superficial/ external
## Footnote
the skin is superficial to the skeleton
47
away from the body surface/ more internal
deep/ internal
## Footnote
the lungs are deep to the rib cage
48
anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
Abdominal
49
point of shoulder
Acromial
50
forearm
Antebrachial
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anterior surface of elbow
Antecubital
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armpit
Axillary
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arm
Brachial
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cheek area
Buccal
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wrist
Carpal
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neck region
Cervical
57
hip
Coxal
58
anterior leg; the shin
Crural
59
the curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
Deltoid
60
fingers, toes
Digital
61
: thigh (applies to both anterior and posterior)
Femoral
62
: lateral part of leg
Fibular
63
forehead
Frontal
64
area where thigh meets
Inguinal
65
groin
Body trunk;
66
chin
Mental
67
nose area
Nasal
68
mouth
Oral
69
eye area
Orbital
70
anterior knee
Patellar
71
relating to, or occurring in or on, the chest
Pectoral
72
area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
Pelvic
73
genital region
Pubic
74
breastbone area
Sternal
75
ankle region
Tarsal
76
area between the neck and abdomen, supported by the ribs, sternum and costal cartilages; chest
Thoracic
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navel
Umbilical
78
heel of foot
Calcaneal
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head
Cephalic
80
thigh
Femoral
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buttock
Gluteal
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area of the back between ribs and hips; the loin
Lumbar
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posterior surface of head or base of skull
Occipital
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posterior surface of elbow
Olecranal
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posterior knee area
Popliteal
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at posterior
area between hips at base of spine
Sacral
87
shoulder blade region
Scapular
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the posterior surface of leg; the calf
Sural
89
area of spinal column
Vertebral
90
— this vertical (top to bottom) plane divides the body into left and right sides;
* Sagittal plane (median, wheel) —
91
a plane that divides the body down the middle into equal left and right sides
Median Sagittal Plane
92
a vertical plane that divides the body into front (anterior or ventral) and back (posterior or dorsal)
Coronal (vertical, frontal, door) plane —
93
— this horizontal plane is parallel to the ground and divides the body into up (toward the head) and down (toward the feet
Transverse (horizontal, table) plane
94
* any fluid-filled space in a multicellular organism
* the space where internal organs develop, located
between the skin and the outer lining of the gut cavity
body cavity
95
”The human body cavity,” normally refers to the _ because it is by far the largest one in volume.
ventral body cavity
96
the centermost region, deep to and surrounding the
umbilicus (navel)
umbilical region
97
located superior to the umbilical region
epigastric region
## Footnote
(epi = upon,
above; gastric = stomach)
98
is inferior to the umbilical region
hypogastric (pubic) region
## Footnote
(hypo =
below)
99
are lateral
to the hypogastric region
right iliac (inguinal) region and left iliac (inguinal) region
## Footnote
(iliac = superior part of the hip bone).
100
lateral to the umbilical region and spinal column between the bottom ribs and the
hip bones;
right lumbar region and left lumbar region
## Footnote
umbilical region (lumbus = loins)
101
lateral to the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs
right hypochondriac region and left hypochondriac region
## Footnote
(chondro = cartilage)
102
* contains the teeth and tongue.
* This cavity is part of and continuous with the digestive organs, which open to the exterior at the anus.
Oral cavity and digestive cavity.
103
* Located within and posterior to the nose,
* part of the respiratory system.
* Nasal cavity
104
in the skull house the eyes and
present them in an anterior position
Orbital cavities/ orbits
105
carved into the skull lie just medial to the eardrums. These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.
Middle ear cavities
106
body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing
Homeostasis
107
essential for homeostasis and is accomplished chiefly by the nervous and endocrine systems, which **use electrical signals** delivered by **nerves or bloodborne hormones**, respectively, as **information carriers**
Communication
108
* type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment
* responds to such changes, called stimuli, by sending
information (input) to the second component, the control center
receptor
109
Information
flows from the receptor to the control center along the
afferent pathway
110
determines the level (set point) at which a variable is to be maintained. This component analyzes the information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action.
control center
111
provides the **means for the control center’s response** (output) to
the stimulus.
effector
112
Information flows from the control center to the effector along the
efferent pathway.
113
is a physiological regulation system in a living body that works to return the body to its normal internal state, or commonly known as homeostasis.
feedback mechanism
114
serves to reduce an excessive response and keep a variable within the normal range
Negative feedback
## Footnote
temperature regulation and control of blood glucose
115
serves to intensify a response until an endpoint is
reached.
Positive feedback
## Footnote
blood clotting and childbirth
