Mitigation And Adaptation

Question 1

What is mitigation

Answer 1

Actions and interventions a community may take to reduce vulnerability in advance of a tectonic hazard

Question 2

What is adaptation?

Answer 2

Ways in which a community may be able to live with a tectonic hazard- making adjustments to help a community survive by reducing risk.

Question 3

How can you modify the loss?

Answer 3

Aid is vital for poor people
Insurance (more useful for people in richer areas)

Question 4

How can you modify vulnerability?

Answer 4

Prediction and warning
Community preparedness
Education to change behaviour and prevent hazards from becoming a disaster

Question 5

What is modify the event? (examples)

Answer 5

Environment control
Hazard aviodance by land use zoning
Hazard resistant design
Engineering defences ( useful for coastal tsunami risk
Retero fitting homes

Question 6

What is modify the cause?

Answer 6

Environmental control
Hazard prevention

Question 7

Whatis the swiss cheese model of accident causation?

Answer 7

Model used in risk anaylsis and risk management.
Diaster management is like multiple cheese slices in which the risk of a natural hazrad becoming disasterous is mitigated by different approaches to management with the holes being weaknesses

Question 8

What does modfiying the cause mean?

Answer 8

Seeking a way a hazardous event can be changed or prevented
Thought faults could be lubricated and volcanoes depressed

Question 9

Modifying the event: mitigation

Answer 9

We can create resistant buildings
The claim is that they don’t collapse
Theyvare still a success if the are partially damged
But no one dies due to building collapse

Question 10

Name examples of resistant buildings

Answer 10

Tapei 101
Burj khalifa
Trans American pyramid

Question 11

How can volcanic eruptions be modified

Answer 11

Using lava diversion barriers Mt Etna
Spraying sea water on lava to cool it Heimeay
Draining crater lakes to reduce lahar risk Mt Pinatubo

Question 12

Why might lava flow or diversion be unsuccessful

Answer 12

Terrain has to be moveable
May not want to interfere with volcano seen as a goddess - take its course
Poorly designed

Question 13

What is special about Taipei 101

Answer 13

Steel pendulum weighing 660 tons acts as dampner
Suspended between 92nd and 88th floor
Sways opposite to buildings sway decreases swaying

Question 14

What is special about the tokyo sky tree

Answer 14

Flexible core pillar sways if there is an earthquake
Shock absorbing dampners to stoo pillar damaging steel cage

Question 15

What building is Taipei 101 based off

Answer 15

Chinese pagota

Question 16

What js base isolation

Answer 16

Floating a building above its foundation on a system of bearings, springs ot padded cylinders
Rubber bearings
Allows building to rock back and forth without to much deformation or damage

Question 17

Why are steel frames used

Answer 17

Cross bracing helps building withstand the pressure exerted by earthquakes minimising damage to structure Prevents pancaking

Question 18

What is retro fitting

Answer 18

Older buildings are made more resistant
I.e. new zealand

Question 19

How to they hazard proof buildings in pakistan

Answer 19

Light walls and gables affected by smaller forces less likely to fall
Built of straw, conpressed baild held by nylon prevente collapse

Question 20

How are buildings hazard proof in haiti

Answer 20

Light roofs more resilient sheet metal over concrete
Small windows fewers weak spots
Main problem was wass weren’t properly reinforced

Question 21

Hiw are buildings made hazard proof in peru

Answer 21

Reinforced walls bamboo
Plastic mesh to prevent collapse

Question 22

What do houses built bear volcanoes have

Answer 22

Sloped roofs to prevent the build up and therefore collapse

Question 23

What is done in tsunami zones

Answer 23

Usually elevated
if not possible ususally protected by tsunami wall

Question 24

Why are mangrove important

Answer 24

Act as excellant natural tsunami barrier

Question 25

How are tsunamis predicted?

Answer 25

Network of sensors detect change in depth and wave pattern network of communication software sends a signak to communties

Question 26

Why are insurance conpanies important

Answer 26

Wider hazard protection
Account for and financial losses for infrastructure damage or lack of income

Question 27

Why are seismologists important

Answer 27

Work with conputer risk anaylsis to help insurers calculate their premiums

Question 28

What is siesmicity

Answer 28

How frequently earthquakes seem to affect a location

Question 29

What is seismic hazard

Answer 29

Probability of a quake occurring in a geographic area

Question 30

What is seismic risk

Answer 30

probability that a subject site will be adversely affected by any seismic hazard, such as an earthquake

Question 31

Why has cost of tectonic hazards increased

Answer 31

As more development people have more too lose