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Geography > Water and its importance for economic development > Flashcards

Water and its importance for economic development Flashcards

1
Q

what is water vital for?

A

development

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2
Q

what is an example of how is water directly important for development?

A

irrigation of crops

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3
Q

what is an example of how is water indirectly important for development?

A

economic activity- recreational tourism

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4
Q

how is water vital for the economy?

A

allows a country to development primary industry

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5
Q

where is the irrigation of cops especially important?

A

dry states

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6
Q

what fraction of the earth is irrigated in some form?

A

1/5

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7
Q

what has industrial scale irrigation led to?

A

increased food security
are considerable negative impacts

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8
Q

what is the green revolution? (Agriculture)

A

breeding high yield varieties (of wheat, rice, maize)
coupled with agricultural improvements

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9
Q

what agricultural improvements came with the green revolution?

A

mechanisation
fertilisers
pesticides
herbicides
irrigation (produce double crop/ increased yeild)

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10
Q

what is the Aral sea a good example of?

A

impacts of over-abstraction damage irrigation can do to the environment

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11
Q

Where is the Aral sea?

A

lies in a depression in Central Asia east of the Caspian sea

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12
Q

what is the Aral Sea?

A

Landlocked saltwater lake

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13
Q

How large was the Aral sea?

A

was once the 4th largest inland body of water in the world
68,000 square kilometres

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14
Q

what global power was present in the Aral area?

A

Russia

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15
Q

what did Russia do in the 1950’s to boost economic output?

A

took on major water projects
diverted much of the water for irrigation of agriculture

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16
Q

what happened to the agricultural industry around the Aral sea?

A

converted from pasture to cotton fields

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17
Q

what was happening to the Aral sea in the 1980’S?

A

the replenishment of the sea was so low it began evaporating away and dropped by more than 50 feet

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18
Q

What 2 rivers feeds the Aral sea?

A

Amu darya
Syr Darya

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19
Q

what had happened to the Aral sea by 2007?

A

declined to just 10% of its original size and had split into separate lakes
level fallen to 40m

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20
Q

what are the stakeholders for the Aral sea crisis?

A

former soviet government
fishing community
local residents
Uzbekistan government
scientists
Kazakhstan farmers
international economists
water engineers

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21
Q

how are the former soviet government a stakeholder in the Aral sea?

A

communist leaders began an ambitious irrigation scheme to develop fruit and cotton farming in what had been an unproductive region and wanted to create jobs for millions of farm workers

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22
Q

how is the Aral sea fishing community a stakeholder?

A

once prosperous industry that employed 60,000 people
industry now collapsed
high unemployment and economic hardship
ships lie unused on exposed sea bed

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23
Q

how are the local residents a stakeholder of the Aral sea?

A

health problems form windblown salt and dust form dried out sea bed
drinking water and remaining sea are heavily polluted (weapons testing, industrial projects fertiliser and pesticide run-off)
infant mortality among highest in the world (10% die in first year kidney or heart failure)

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24
Q

how are the Uzbekistan government a stakeholder in the Aral sea?

A

irrigation schemes based on Aral sea allowed this poor country with limited resources yo become one of the worlds largest cotton exporters
hopes to discover oil below dry seabed

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25
Q

How are scientists a stakeholder in the Aral sea?

A

only 160 of 310 bird species
32 put of 70 mammal species
very few of 24 fish species
REMAIN
climate has changed making area more arid and prone to greater temperature extremes

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26
Q

How are Kazakhstani farmers a stakeholder in the Aral sea?

A

irrigation has brought the water table to the surface making drinking water and food crops salty and polluted

27
Q

How are international economists a stakeholder in the Aral sea?

A

people in the area may no longer be able to feed themselves because land is too infertile
up to 10million people may be forced to migrate and become environmental refugees

28
Q

How are water engineers a stakeholder in the Aral sea?

A

inspection revealed many irrigation canals were poorly built allowing water to leak or evaporate
Main Karakum canal largest in central Asia allows 30-75% of water to go to waste

29
Q

What has Kazakhstan secured since 2007?

A

massive world bank loans to save northern part of Aral sea #very ambitious project to reverse worlds worst environmental disaster

30
Q

how much is aquaculture growing per year?

A

10%

31
Q

How much does aquaculture account for all fish catches?

A

1/3

32
Q

Is aquaculture sustauinable?

A

at face value yes
but environmental issues (pollution, diseases, food safety and public health)

33
Q

What is aquaculture?

A

farming of fish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic plants and other organisms in controlled conditions at coastal edge

34
Q

What is removed to make way for fisheries?

A

mangroves often removed

35
Q

Why are mangroves important?

A

provide excellent storm protection
in hurricane they act as breakwater for storm surge and reduce surge impact on land
good for coral reefs reduce sedimentation on coral by slowing water due to complex roots

36
Q

what is a good example of the importance of mangroves?

A

during 2004 tsunami areas with mangrove along coastline saw less damage

37
Q

when does industry use water?

A

for both cooling and as part of manufacturing process

38
Q

what is the problem with water and industry?

A

often cause pollution
China water pollution globalisation
Coca cola over abstraction

39
Q

How much water used in industry is used for HEP or cooling power stations?

A

50%

40
Q

what is the problem with cooling water from power stations?

A

is returned to river unchanged but slightly warmer which could impact ecosystems

41
Q

what does industry include a lot of? (water usage)

A

virtual water- hidden flow of water in food and other commodities

42
Q

What are the conditions like in the Middle East?(climate)

A

Naturally arid region with irregular rainfall
Much of region considered desert

43
Q

What has happened to the population of the Middle East since it was settled over 2000yrs ago?

A

Considerably grown due to religious significance to Jews, Muslims and Christians

44
Q

What is the one of the main rivers that flows through the Middle East?

A

The river Jordan which starts in Isreal, Syria and Jordan

45
Q

What is the security/ access problem with the river Jordan?

A

It flows though many countries

46
Q

Why is water access and flow made more difficult in the Middle East?

A

Due to political concerns between neighbouring countries

47
Q

What is the first ‘hit’ that affects the river Jordan?

A

Near the source in Israel the food production area of the Middle East

48
Q

Why is Israel seen as the bread basket and fruit bowl of the Middle East?

A

As area was once desert but irrigation has turned it into farmland

49
Q

What sort of fruits do they grow in Israel?

A

Mangos
Avocados
Bananas

50
Q

What is the problem with the crops grown in Israel?

A

More suited to tropical climates with greater rainfalls meaning they are thirsty plants

51
Q

Why do they grow these water intensive plants in Israel?

A

The fruits yield 5x more money than olives per kg

52
Q

What are the two sides of the crops grown in Israel?

A

Farmers claim it is sustainable as it increases their wealth
Environmentalists see it as an unnecessary drain on the river

53
Q

What is the second hit on the river Jordan?

A

Creation of the Galilee reservoir in Israel which stores water for most of the population

54
Q

Hat is another use besides water storage of the Galilee reservoir?

A

Used for recreation bank contains resorts and golf courses

55
Q

What is the 3rd hit to the river Jordan? (Sewage)

A

As the river enters Jordan raw sewage and brine is released into the river as it heads through towns and farmland

56
Q

What happens to the use of the river Jordan after the third hit?

A

River too polluted to be used for irrigation

57
Q

What do farmer have to do when they can’t use the river Jordan for irrigation?

A

Have to divert water form elsewhere for their crops

58
Q

What is the issue with farmers diverting water form other areas for irrigation? (Middle East)

A

Bridges built by romans that were very high to get over river now useless due to significantly reduced flow
reduces water availability for other areas as well

59
Q

What is the final stage of the river Jordan?

A

Enters the Dead Sea as polluted trickle which isnt enough to maintain water levels of the Dead Sea causing it too drop 1m a year

60
Q

What has the lowering of the Dead Sea caused?

A

Caused pressure to drop in nearby rocks and caused geological instability
Sink holes formed meaning local campsites and tourist activities had to close affecting economy in the area

61
Q

How is the Yarmouk affecting the river Jordan?

A

The river Yarmouk form Syria usually replenishes the river Jordan but is being over abstracted for irrigation

62
Q

What was the effect on Israel due to over abstraction of river Yarmouk?

A

HEP plant built in the 1970’s had to be shut down as there wasn’t enough flow to produce energy

63
Q

What is the overall problem affecting the Middle East and their water security?

A

Inability for neighbouring countries to work together has affected. Them environmentally (no HEP, irrigation or fishing) and economically (no HEP for energy or campsites bordering river)
Farmers have to import water
Social- religiously historic river no longer safe for pilgrims to bathe in

Geography (103 decks)

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