PS 230 EXAM 2 REAL

Question 1

Why Athenians?

Answer 1

Used as a proxy argument for realists

Question 2

What do the Athenians tell us about justice?

Answer 2

1. ) use of no fine phrases
2. ) try to get what you want
3. ) the standard of justice depends on the power to compel. Strong do what they want and weak have to accept it.

Question 3

Why not be neutral according to the Athenians?

Answer 3

Because it is a sign of weakness

Question 4

What is the knowledge of men leads us according to realists?

Answer 4

To conclude that it is general and necessary law of nature to rule whatever we can.
Follows one’s interest

Question 5

What do Athenians say about powerful actors?

Answer 5

1.) There is no difference between right and wrong

2,) those who have independence is because strong

3.) conquering increase security of empire

Question 6

What is Nicole Michaevelli, The Prince Chapter XV quote about in, “Concerning things for Which Men, and Especially Princes, are praised or Blamed”?

Answer 6

1. ) it appears to me more appropriate to follow up the real truth(no fine phrases) than the imagination of it.
2. ) many have pictured republics (Plato) which have never been known or seen
3. ) because of how one lives in so far distant from how one ought to live
4. ) he who negates what is done(reality) for what ought to be(idealized world) done, sooner effects his ruin then his preservation.
5. ) a man who wishes to act entirely up to his profession of virtue soon meets with what destroys him among so much that is evil( Hans Morgentl)

Question 7

How does Thomas Hobbes define power in the Leviathan Chapter in the most broadest sense?

Answer 7

Present means to obtain some future apparent good.

Question 8

Two types of power according to Hobbes? And definition

Answer 8

Power is either original(natural) or instrumental.

Natural power can be defined as: faculties of body or mind. Such as strength, good looks, prudence, practical skill, eloquence, generosity, and nobility

Instrumental power can be acquired though natural powers or luck. For example riches, friends, reputation etc…

Question 9

According to Thomas Hobbes what does equality of ability rise?

Answer 9

Equality of ability = equality of hope + scarcity = enemies.

Question 10

What is Hobbes starting point?

Answer 10

1. )On average we have the same intelligence and physical abilities
2. ) out of this emerges equality of hope in getting what we want. But if two individuals want the same thing then we are enemies. Best way to deal with enemies is anticipation strike first.

Question 11

According to Hobbes what are the 3 principles that causes quarrel in the nature of man?

Answer 11

1. ) Competition: use of force to make master
2. ) Diffidence: use of force to defend what is yours
3. ) Glory: smallest things insignificant

Question 12

According to Hobbes what condition do humans find themselves if there is no common superior(government)?

Answer 12

If they don’t have a common superior to keep them in awe(check) they are in that condition which is called war. Every man against man.

Question 13

What does Hobbes make of morality, justice, wrong, good or bad?

Answer 13

That nothing can be unjust. The notions of right and wrong. Justice and injustice there is no place. When there is no common power there is now law. No law, no justice.

Question 14

What are the 3 essential tenents implicit in Machiavelli’s doctrine of foundation-stones of the realists? According to E.H. Carr

Answer 14

1. ) history is a sequence [pattern] of cause and effect, Carr refers to this sequence as “the determinist aspect of the historical process” meaning history is a sequence observable regularaties. Can be analyzed by intellectual effort, but cannot direct it. Imagination= liberals. Realists argue the course=sequence of pattern.
2. ) theory does not ( as utopians assume) create practice, but practice creates theory
3. ) politics are not (as utopians pretend) a function of ethics, of politics.

Liberals politics is a function of ethics.

Realists inverse function, ethics is a function of politics.

Question 15

What has been the outstanding achievement of modern realism according to E.H. Carr?

Answer 15

The relative and pragmatic character of thought itself.

Outstanding achievement means that in the view of Carr, most important argument realists make is to reveal, not only the determinist aspect of the historical process. BUT
The relative and pragmatic character of thought(intellectual processes) itself.

Question 16

What are Hans Morgenthau’s six principles of realism?

Answer 16

1. ) believes that politics like society is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature
2. ) main signpost helps political realism find its way through the landscape of international politics is the concept of interest defined in terms of power
3. ) power is an objective concept that is universally valid
4. ) political realism is aware of the moral significance of political action. Tension between moral command and requirements political action
5. ) refuses to identify the moral aspirations of a particular nation with moral laws that govern the universe
6. ) difference between political realism and other schools of thought is real. However much of the theory may be misunderstood and misinterpreted

Question 17

What does Hobbes make of War? Hint 7

Answer 17

1. ) continual fear
2. ) danger of violent death
3. ) solitary
4. ) poor
5. ) nasty
6. ) brutish
7. ) and short

Question 18

Hobbes on property?

Answer 18

No dominion, no mine and thine distinct. Every man get what he can get for as long as he can keep it.

Question 19

How can a weak person kill the strongest one?

Answer 19

Through secret machianation (cleverness) or confederacy (alliance).

Question 20

What doesn’t exist when there is war? Hint 3

Answer 20

1. ) no letters
2. ) no arts
3. ) no society

Because of constant fear of violence and death.

Question 21

Difference between Hobbes and Lock?

Answer 21

Unlike John Locke, Thomas Hobbes argue that in absence of government. Life would be hell on Earth.

Question 22

What cause rationalist theories of neorealism and neoliberalism to emerge? Hint 7

Answer 22

1.) Intellectual History field two-way street between academia and the real world. IR and ir.

2.) WW1 emergence of IR
First homes of liberalism U.S. and UK
No destruction US. Dominant paradiagram liberalism

3. ) After WW2 realism contd dominance, Hans Morgenthalw politics among nations
4. ) 1960s changes in the real world challenged the post-world war 2 realistic shift from high politics
5. ) changes in the area of low politics
6. ) not taking too much in the state
7. ) parties were relax

Question 23

What were the events in the real world that cause changes in the World academia? Hint 4

Answer 23

1. ) Hitlers ascension to power, popular support, liberals belief in power of democracy, and public opinion.
2. ) League of Nations Fail of collective security. (Italy and Japan Invasion)
3. ) autarky(Hitler economic independence) during the 1930s Great Depression
4. ) E.H. carr 20 years crisis 1919-1939

Question 24

What happened post WW2 that challenge the shift in nature of high politics? Hint 3

Answer 24

1.) Cuban Missile crisis-detente

2 U.S disaster in Vietnam. U.S had upper hand

3.) power of high politics becoming less important.

Question 25

What happened as the Cold war decline from a hot war?

Answer 25

The significance of international and social and economic relations increased. Spread of MNCs( Multinational corporations)

Question 26

What is Keohane and Nye argument?

Answer 26

1. ) multiple channels of access
2. ) force if of low salience
3. ) no hierarchy of issues

Question 27

What is the timeline of liberalism, realism, complex interdependence, and neorealism?

Answer 27

1919- Liberalism
1930- Realism
1960s- Complex Interdependence
Then Waltz- Neorealism

Question 28

What does it mean to be rational?

Answer 28

To be able to establish the most effective and efficient ways to realize their interests within the environmental constraints they encounter.

Question 29

What are three level of analysis for images? Hint 3

Answer 29

1. ) Individual
2. ) state = inside out
3. ) system = neorealism + neoliberalism

Question 30

Who is considered the father of neorealism?

Answer 30

Kenneth Waltz.

Question 31

On the third image of Kenneth Waltz, what are the three most important characteristics?

Answer 31

1. ) Ordering principle
2. ) character of the units of the system
3. ) distribution of capabilities of the units in the system

Question 32

What is sensitivity vs. vulnerability?

Answer 32

Sensitivity: extent to which adverse event negatively affects a state.

Vulnerability: ability to react to the adverse event and mitigate the effects.

Question 33

What are 2 systems in the ordering principle?

Answer 33

Hierarchical= different kinds of units organized under a line of authority

Anarchical = units are similar in nature+ absence of any overarching authority

Question 34

What are the 5 components of the ordering principle?

Answer 34

1. ) anarchy
2. ) self-help environment
3. ) no international 911
4. ) states are socialized in mutual distrust and quest for survival
5. ) because states do not want to be selected out of the system

Question 35

Name 5 assumptions about political actors?

Answer 35

1. ) atomistic the source of their own conceptions of good
2. ) self-interested, concerned primarily about their own interests, utility maximizers
3. ) rational means most effective and efficient way to realize their own interests with few constraints
4. ) interests are assumed to be separate from social interactions
5. ) Society is understood as a strategic realm which means chess.

Question 36

What is the book of Kenneth Waltz in 1959 called?

Answer 36

Man, the state, and War.

Question 37

What is Kenneth Waltz 1979 book called?

Answer 37

Theory of international politics

Question 38

What are John Measheimer 3 thoughts on neorealism?

Answer 38

1. ) realists point a “grim picture of world politics
2. ) not a constant state of war, but possibility of war always being in the background (aka Thomas Hobbes)
3. ) genuine peace = states do not compete for power

Question 39

What are Mearshiemer’s five assumptions?

Answer 39

1. ) anarchy = ordering principle does not equal chaos
2. ) states inherently possess some military capabilities to destroy each other
3. ) states can never be certain about the intentions of other states
4. ) most basic driving motive driving states is survival
5. ) states think strategically

Question 40

What are Mearsheimer three main patterns of behavior resort?

Answer 40

1. ) states in the international system fear each other
2. ) aim to guarantee own survival
3. ) states in the international system aim to maximize their relative power positions over states.

Question 41

What is Complex interdependence?

Answer 41

Theory that stresses result of growing ties, the transitional actors. Become mutually dependent and vulnerable to each other’s actions