SSCI 315 Study Guide Part 1

Question 1

1.) what are some examples of important progress in improving health worldwide over the last 50 years?

Answer 1

Never before so few young children die each year, of few women died cause of maternal causes. Enormous progress against vaccine-preventable diseases and against tropical diseases. In addition, the consumption of tobacco (best way to help health of minority pop) which is a risk for noncommunicable diseases, has decreased in many countries.

Question 2

2.) What are some global health challenges that remain to be addressed?

Answer 2

There are neonatal, maternal, and nutritional causes of communicable diseases. Growing burden of non-communicable diseases in low and middle income countries. Burden of injuries from car accidents.

Question 3

3.) How might one define health, public health, and global health?

Answer 3

Health:
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Public health:
promoting physical and mental health through organized community efforts. Control of community infections or a country, make sure each member in a community has adequate maintenance of health

Global health:
Priority of achieving equity of health for all people worldwide. Involves many disciplines within and beyond health sciences interdisciplinary collaboration. Synthesis of population-based prevention at individual-level clinical care.

Question 4

4.) What are some examples of public health activities?

Answer 4

Campaign to promote childhood immunization in a particular country, get people in cities to use seatbelts when drive, and actions to get people to eat healthier and stop smoking tobacco.

Question 5

5.) What are some examples of global health issues?

Answer 5

Impact of a growing and aging worldwide population. Potential risks of climate change on health. How can countries managed their healthcare system to get Maximize health for population given the resources.

Question 6

6.) What are the key differences between the approach of medicine and the approach of public health?

Answer 6

The focus of public health is on the health of populations rather than on the health of individuals. Moreover, public health specialist want to ensure a whole community is vaccinated while medicine only a particular disease for an individual.

Question 7

7.) What are some of the most important challenges to health globally?

Answer 7

Effects of natural disasters, the impact of climate change. Women dying of pregnancy-related causes. Undernutrition of children. Spread of communicable and non-communicable diseases worldwide.

Question 8

8.) Why should everyone be concerned about critical health issues?

Answer 8

This is because global health requires cooperation. And many health issues require action of agencies beyond the health sector. Intersectoral approaches are needed for burden of disease in any country. Disease knows no bounds of borders between countries.

Question 9

9.) What are the Sustainable development Goals and how are they related to health?

Answer 9

1.) No poverty
2.) zero hunger
3.) Good health and Well-being
4.) Quality education
5.) gender equality
6.) Clean water and sanitation
7.) Affordable and clean energy
8.) Decent work and economic growth
9.) Industry innovation
10.) Reduced inequalities
11.) Sustainable cities and communities
12.) Responsible production and consumption
13.) Climate action
14.) Life below water
15.) Life on land
16.) Peace, justice, and strong institutions
17.) Partnerships for the goals

Goals 1, 2,4 and 6 all related to relationship of achieving a good well-being.

Question 10

10.) What were some of the keys to the eradication of smallpox? What lessons does the smallpox eradication program suggest for other global health programs?

Answer 10

Political and leadership commitment between WHO and the US centers for disease control and prevention. As the success of countries was on having someone who was responsible for eradication effort. Small WHO member teams frequently made trips to review progress. As program managers exchange information and lessons from working on it from different countries.

Question 11

11.) Why should we care about the health of people in other parts of the world?

Answer 11

First, because populations of interest can be anywhere in low, middle, or high-income countries. Since the pandemic can affect everyone since the movement of people is increasing. Thus, data sharing is important. Second, global health solutions will be utilized regardless of high or low-income country. Countries and communities will have to share cultural knowledge and other resources to solve a disease work from there could be used at home too.

Question 12

12.) Why is global health so trendy nowadays?

Answer 12

Because it provokes a great deal of media, students, and faculty interest, and you can actually show results in terms of disease eradication to individualized medicine. Supported by governments as a component of foreign policy. And major philanthropic targets.

Question 13

14.) What is the link between development and health?

Answer 13

Throughout history, improved health has been one of the main benefits of development. Having an unhealthy population would not attract investment and pose various security threats.

Question 14

15.) Why is it so hard to define global health?

Answer 14

It’s hard to define global health because it is often more than a rephrasing of a common definition of public health or a politically correct updating of international health. Moreover, people do not agree on whether global health is somewhere else or not. How it should be pratice

Question 15

16.) What is public health? Does global health= public health? Should we see global health as public health somewhere else?

Answer 15

Public health is promoting physical and mental health through organized community efforts. A focus on populations rather than on individuals, emphasis on prevention rather than curative care.

Global health does not equal public health. Vertical approach is disease driven while the horizontal is community-based.

Practcing Public health somewhere else is the notion that involves implied assumptions of an expertise gradient, limited understanding of accountability and inefficient interventions

Question 16

17.) Does international health=global health?

Answer 16

No, international health is a term used to describe health work abroad. With a focus on low and middle-income countries and tropical diseases. Limited to diseases of the developing world. While global health is trying to make health equitable for all countries

Question 17

18.) what are the area of overlap between global health, public health, and international health?

Answer 17

Priority on a population-based and preventative focus; concentration on poorer, vulnerable, and underserved populations;

multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches; emphasis on health as a public good and the importance of systems and structures; and participation of stakeholders.

Question 18

19.) What does it mean to say that global health is multidisciplinary? What makes it interdisciplinary as well?

Answer 18

Global health is multidisciplinary because it involves more than one field looking at the problem but stays within its boundaries; while interdisciplinary makes the two fields be linked and combined or coordinate into one. Fields such as social since of global health and biology.

Question 19

20.) How has The Who in global health research determined the what and where and why is that bad? Is the word global health research redundant? Why might global health research be called health equity research to instead?

Answer 19

The ‘who’ is those who frame the question, conduct the research, circulate the findings or constitute its audience. The what is the quest for equity and where low-resource settings.

Since global health research has been lead by high income countries conducting studies in low and middle income countries. And research mainly determined for high-income audiences. trying to decolonized global health, privileged diseases over systems. Should have them interpret global health research since experience equity gap first. Dominated by people with a biomedical background limit elsewhere of diverse viewpoints.

Yes, global health research is redundant. Instead called health equity research given the risk of equating global health problems to transitional health problems (change from one condition). Because there are still knowledge from within lower income countries that higher income countries can learn. Important research that is still being conducted.

Question 20

21.) What was the relationship between colonial (and missionary) medicine and the imperial project (empire building)?

Answer 20

Seen as a form of helping colonized and at the same time, there was the expansion of the empire. Colonies served as laboratories. medicine served as an excuse to colonize. Hierarchical dynamic

Importance of historical reflection. Colombian exchange and the birth of tropical medicine.

Question 21

22.) What changes did the germ theory of disease being to colonial medicine?

Answer 21

Introduced a nonhuman target for disease control efforts. But also a new vector of the healthy carrier. Whose hygiene practices were important for disease control.

Such as Typhoid Mary. And Phillipses were considered backwards. Possibly appealing for medical research in colonies.

Question 22

23.) What connections were there between advances in communication and transportation and health?

Answer 22

Different pathogens could be transported as a result of transportation making health worse. But communication helps to give messages quickly and could give a more rapid response to epidemics and give out warnings of the diseases.

Question 23

24.) How were the international health institutions that emerged after WW 2 different from earlier ones? How were they similar?

Answer 23

The international health institutions are still heavily influenced by colonial medicine in the power strcture. But we’re more discussion of a rights-based community. Universal membership and decentralization. WHO created. Reorganized around development

There was still inequity in health as before.

Question 24

25.) Why has it been possible to eradicate smallpox but not malaria? What forms resistance were there to the smallpox eradication program in India, what caused them, and why is it important to acknowledge them?

Answer 24

Smallpox easy to eradicate cause symptoms were easily identifiable. No asymptomatic carriers and no carrier state. Vaccine was not heat sensitive.

Religious bases for resistance were the primary form of it in India. Some consent to individuals of their own religion or distrust.

Important to acknowledge them cause learn strategies of convincing the leaders . Useful knowledge for future vaccine programs. Have a more sympathetic approach.

Distrust of state. Or previous vaccination campaign, superstition and apathy.

Question 25

26.) What is socialization for scarcity? How and why is it still an important concept in global health?

Answer 25

Socialization for scarcity means the assumption that resources for poverty reduction and international health initiatives will be a perpetually short supply. Could change resources global health is restructuring system aka US.

Meaning that colonial state institutions barely extend their reach their means causing a source of tension. Moreover, when colonies gained independence they were left with an incomplete infrastructure, small national budgets and, enormous fiscal responsibilities.

Question 26

27.) To what extent do French health campaigns from 70 years ago still feed modern day mistrust about biomedicine in Central Africa?

Answer 26

Say being forced to vaccinate sometimes at gunpoint fed deep-seated mistrust in western medicine. Has passed down through generations. Colonial medical campaign of 15 years, associated with 5.8% decrease in completed vaccines. And 5.4% decrease in noninvasive blood tests. Experts have found. Folk song passed.

Question 27

28.) In what ways has the writing of global health history focused on institutions of Western biomedicine that derive power and authority from past imperialisms and what does that even mean?

Answer 27

Means that intervention typically made
From Europeans to their colonies in form of financial or material aid. Rockefeller and WHO efforts focused to improved health.

Turn emphasizes to include more diverse perspectives, methods of vaccination and disease like bubonic plague. Only on single pratice of pathology.

Specifically focus on certain individuals and organizations or problems that the west faces. Involved more people of Other countries such as Latin America.