SSCI 318 Exam 3 not book questions Flashcards
Which communicable diseases pose the greatest global health challenges? Which interventions have proved most successful in combating them?
The communicable diseases of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria, diarrheal disease, and neglected tropical diseases. Some of the interventions are CASES, They are mostly diseases of poverty that also reflect a lack of access to safe water and sanitation, poor knowledge of appropriate health behaviors, and a lack of health services that are geared to meet the highest-priority needs among the poor. In addition, several of these diseases are highly stigmatized, efforts to control them must be carried out in countries with weak health systems, and considerably more financing is needed for these efforts than has been available. vaccination and breastfeeding
Why are we seeing so many emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases nowadays?
people do not take their full medication to eliminate a disease, making the disease stronger.
■ The increasing use of antibiotics in some settings now and in the past
■ Poor prescribing and dispensing practices
■ Inappropriate use of the drugs by prescribers, dispensers, and patients
■ Failure of patients to take appropriate doses of drugs
■ The use of counterfeit or poor quality drugs that do not contain the appropriate level of therapeutic ingredients
■ Too much use of antibiotics in agriculture, cattle and poultry raising, and fish farming
■ Weak health systems, with poor laboratory capacity to diagnose disease and test for drug susceptibility
■ Weak infection control in healthcare settings
■ Poor sanitation and hygiene
■ A lack of surveillance, leading to late detection of the disease
Which noncommunicable diseases pose the greatest global health challenges? Which interventions have proved most successful in combating them?
This includes cardiovascular (Ischemic) disease, diabetes (type 1 and 2), cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, vision and hearing loss, and mental health disorders.
The single most important step that low- and middle-income countries can take now to reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases is to reduce the consumption of tobacco.
■ Focusing on prevention and the main risk factors of tobacco, alcohol, dietary risks, and the lack of physical activity
■ Implement WHO-recommended approaches to diet, physical activity, alcohol, and the marketing of unhealthy foods to children
■ Promote cost-effective measures to reduce salt, sugar, and saturated fats in foods and eliminate trans fats in food
■ Promote vaccination against the infectious causes of NCDs, including the vaccines against hepatitis B and HPV
Increase funding.
How hard is it to change health behaviors that contribute to the non-communicable disease burden? How can more effective strategies for changing behavior be developed?
It has become really hard to change behaviors that contribute to non-communciable diseases such as smoking or drinking excessive amount of alcohol. Use the economic incentives to change people’s behaviors. For example, the Polish government succeeded in countering the powerful economic influence of the tobacco industry and inducing major shifts in smoking,
What is the difference between HIV/AIDS in the U.S./Europe and in Africa?
In the United States/Europe there is more funding to have treatment for the disease to live a normal life, where in Africa getting HIV/AIDS is still considered a death sentence because of the very weak health systems.
What effects has the COVID-19 pandemic had on access to chronic disease care in India, China, Hong Kong, Korea, and Vietnam?
Lockdowns caused the healthcare system to be used less. Moreover, during the pandemic, there were less available hospital beds for non-emergency health problems since all of them were being utilized for the covid virus.
The Covid-19 pandemic limited access to chronic care in all of these countries. Furthermore, the covid-19 pandemic cause mobility restrictions in the 5 countries, and there was a disproportionate impact for the most rural and marginalized areas of the countries worsening chronic systems such as diabetes with delaying care.
Routine screening and continuity of care face significant challenges in managing the pandemic loss of income and accessing healthcare or medications linked with diabetes symptoms. In addition to having no HSS and training for community workers, there were no other financial incentives for the workers to work steadily.
To what extent do chronic diseases (and which ones) effect the mortality and severity (ICU admission and ARDS admission) of COVID-19?
Among COVID-19 patients, hypertension was a very common condition and was associated with higher severity, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and mortality. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was the strongest predictor for COVID-19 severity, admission to ICU, and mortality, while asthma was associated with a reduced risk of COVID-19 mortality. Patients with obesity were at a higher risk of experiencing severe symptoms of COVID-19 rather than mortality. Patients with cerebrovascular disease, chronic liver disease, chronic renal disease, or cancer were more likely to become severe COVID-19 cases and had a greater probability of mortality.
What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research approaches employed by Singh et al. and Geng et al.?
Geng et al weaknesses:
All of them were done in china, and could not study them outside of china.
Singh et al. weakness:
studies done in Asia and does not have the variability factor of studying other regions in the world.
Both studies strength:
A systematic review is a meta-analysis because it takes quantitative studies and makes the raw data available for public use. Furthermore, the idea will be that any study weaknesses will be canceled of the analyzing from other people using the data. Systematic reviews are useful because they limit the time of looking at the data and make it very time efficient for people to read.
Longitudinal analysis or data over time, is most effective if running different surveys for different points in time.
as cross-sectional surveys can capture a snippet of a specific phenomenon for a limited period of time.
Why are unintentional injuries receiving more attention in global health than they used to?
In 2016, about 4.6 million people died of injuries worldwide. This was more than 8 percent of total deaths. In addition, these injuries are major causes of disability, with many people being disabled by injuries, even if they do not die from them. Moreover, the rate of deaths from injuries is substantially higher in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
In addition, it is more than twice as many as the number of people who died that year of lung cancer and about four times the number who died from HIV/AIDS. Injuries also represent about 11 percent of total DALYs globally and addressing them is an important SDG goal
In terms of their health impacts, what is the difference between natural and manmade disasters and CHEs? Why is it easier to prepare for the health impacts of disasters than those of CHEs?
Overall, CHEs are associated with considerably larger health impacts than natural disasters. In addition, they may have an acute phase when large numbers of people flee, and they generally go on for long periods of time.
First, a natural disaster has warning signs, such as a hurricane, so people are better prepared. Additionally, resources are saved by not creating a program to address a particular natural disaster. For example, in Chicago, there will not be a tsunami agency because there are no tsunamis in Chicago. Therefore, the resources will be saved because some countries do not have natural disasters.
What are the major health problems in refugee situations?
Domestic violence increases, sexually transmitted infections and mental health problems increase—a function of the length of time. Moreover, a refugee being persecuted is given more sympathy and access to other countries than those displaced from their homes because of a natural disaster or a chemical spill—Vitamin A deficiency. Refugees may face a wide variety of acute or chronic health issues. Examples include infectious diseases such as tuberculosis or intestinal parasites, chronic illnesses such as diabetes or hypertension, and mental health issues such as post-traumatic stress disorder or depression.
Why is community engagement so important in controlling disease outbreaks and responding to natural and manmade disasters? How can a health promotion strategy help in this respect?
If health community experts engage with the community, they have better outcomes when there is a disaster because they are better prepared.
Corbin also talks about the changing behaviors of citizens of people; the public can have insecurity in the system to protect them. Thus, education is essential to avoid an infodemic in which people receive misinformation, such as during Covid-19.
If health community experts engage with the community, they have better outcomes when there is a disaster because they are better prepared. The COVID-19 pandemic has reconfirmed the need to elevate community engagement and health literacy to build equity, trust and sustained action in future health promotion preparedness strategies. Community-based organizations can adapt scientific and government messages and recommendations to achieve greater participation of populations and improve the effectiveness of public health and social measures.
What can a case-study approach contribute to global health research? What are its limitations?
A case study approach has more information to see what works for communities to be resilient and involve people at all stages in preparation.
There is a clear need for community-led approaches. Thus, there is an aim to have the “Best Practices” in which people in global health take what has worked and get rid of what has not when working on a new global health problem. However, one criticism is that depending on the number of cases; there could be a lack of contextual factors as no consensus on a solution will work in every community.
Lacking scientific rigour and providing little basis for generalization of results to the wider population. Researchers’ own subjective feeling may influence the case study (researcher bias). Difficult to replicate. Time-consuming and expensive
Why is cooperation critical to improving global health?
One of the first reasons to cooperate is to improve health across borders and creates consensus around and advocate on behalf of different health causes. Second, the need to share knowledge and to set global standards for health activities are additional reasons for cooperation as knowledge can help treat diseases globally. third, in many ways, could be a global public good and not a zero-sum game that helps all of us make sure that it’s not threatened. Next, there is the enlightened self-interest to cooperate globally because people migrate, and thus we are reducing migration. Additionally, there is a moral argument that people migrating are human beings, and luck is involved in where people are born, so we have a moral responsibility to help them.
What/who are the key actors in the global health field? What/who sets the global health agenda?
agencies of the UN -> at the top, we have the World Health Organization (WHO), founded in 1948 headquarters in Switzerland Geneva. Then, there is the United Nations (UN) located in midtown New York, and the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) is right across the UN headquarters.
The organizations most involved in such discussions will generally be WHO, UNICEF, and the World Bank. Selected bilateral development agencies will also participate, such as USAID, the Department for International Development of the United Kingdom, and the Norwegian Development Agency. Australia plays a unique role in parts of Asia in the Pacific.
The Global Fund has been increasingly involved in policy discussions as its portfolio has grown, as has UNAIDS as HIV/AIDS has become more important. The Gates Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and selected NGOs might also participate in setting the agenda. Some other NGOs, such as MSF, may not be present, but through advocacy, they do bring their interests to the policy-setting group.
