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Ps 230 And Ps 388 > PS 230 EXAM 3 Practice > Flashcards

PS 230 EXAM 3 Practice Flashcards

1
Q

What is cooperation?

A
  1. ) Cooperation is not equivalent to harmony
  2. ) Harmony requires complete identity of interests
  3. ) but cooperation can only take place when there are situations that contain a mixture of conflicting and complementary interests
  4. ) cooperation occurs when actors adjust their behavior to the actual or anticipated preferences of others
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2
Q

Why do states have such a difficult time achieving cooperation under conditions of anarchy in the neoliberal analysis?

A

States often have common interests but the existence of such interests is only a necessary not sufficient condition for cooperation

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3
Q

What kind of image theorists are neoliberalism?

A

Third kind

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4
Q

What is the point of diversion for neoliberals and neorealists?

A

Point at which diverge is when talking about the question of whether they can achieve cooperation

Since neoliberals argue that while difficult cooperation can be achieve

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5
Q

What are Hans Morgenthalw 5 principle of political realism?

A
  1. ) politics are governed by objective laws, root in human nature, hasn’t change since the days of ancient China, India, and Greece
  2. ) the main signpost that helps political realism find its way through the landscape of international politics. Concept of interest defined in terms of power
  3. ) objective category which is universally valid
  4. ) political realism aware of the moral insignificance of political action
  5. ) refuses to identify the moral aspirations of a particular nation with laws that govern the universe
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6
Q

What is power?

A

Anything that establishes or maintains control over a man. From physical violence to most psychological lies.

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7
Q

What is political realism?

A

Aware of the moral insignificance of political action

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8
Q

What is a game in game theory?

A

Formal model of a strategic situation.

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9
Q

What is a strategic situation in a game?

A

Situation in which a players best move depends on the player herself and to a certain degree on the others players best move.

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10
Q

What does self-interested mean?

A

Means to primarily interested in obtaining the highest utility possible. Hence utility maximizers.

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11
Q

Why is it important to analyze prisoners dilemma?

A

Because neoliberals argue that the international system resembles a game of prisoners dilemma.

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12
Q

What is Tanya’s prefer outcome? What is Tanya’s least prefer outcome?

A

Cooperate- remain silent, and defect-talk

1.) (D, C)

2,) (C, D)

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13
Q

What is 1 year in jail?

A

(C, C) cooperate cooperate

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14
Q

What is Tanya’s prefer outcome?

A

(D,C)>(C,C)> (D,D)>(C,D)

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15
Q

What are the payoff numbers? 5>3>2>1

A

These numbers are payoff and not years. They are meaningless. Highest payoff 0 years is 5.

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16
Q

What is complete and transitive?

A

Tanya’s preferences are complete (Tanya’s has preferences for every outcome) she prefers 0 to 1. and transitive if Tanya prefers D,D. Tanya’s preference greater number be prefer.

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17
Q

What is Clinique’s prefer outcome?

A

(C,D)>(C,C)>(D,D)>(D,C) inverse of Tanya last two.

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18
Q

What does it mean to solve or ends or settle the game of prisoners dilemma?

A

Nash equilibrium.

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19
Q

How to solve prisoners dilemma?

A

Ask we solve the game by asking what is a players best reply given strategy of the other player.

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20
Q

How to denote Tanya’s best move?

A

Place a hash mark _ under the number of 5 of Clinique cooperates: stays quite.

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21
Q

What is cooperate? What is defect?

A

The dominated strategy because is not rational. Defect is Tanya’s dominant strategy.

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22
Q

Why is Tanya’s better defecting?

A

Because she will always get a higher payoff. If she snitches. Instrumentally rational utility maximizers never play dominated strategies.

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23
Q

How do we indicated a dominated strategy?

A

We draw a line across the first row. ————————————————

Deleting it out.

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24
Q

What about Cinque?

A

It’s the same as Tanya. Defect

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25
Q

How do we indicate Cinque best move?

A

Two hash marks. _ _ and a cross line

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26
Q

What is the best outcomes of equilibrium?

A

Defect and Defect. Circle 2,2. 5 years each.

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27
Q

What is the collectively optimal outcome?

A

Cooperate and cooperate. The other is suboptimal defect and defect.

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28
Q

What is 2,2 an inferior outcome?

A

This is because no player off is not better off. Moving to 3,3.

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29
Q

What is a Pareto superior?

A

Nash equilibrium is an outcome that a move to a different outcome would automatically make one player worse off. Moving from 3,3 to other. From cooperate cooperate.

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30
Q

What is the Pareto efficient?

A

It’s 3,3. 1 year in jail.

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31
Q

Why do we study Prisoner’s dilemma?

A

Because according to Neoliberals. A prisoners dilemma resembles the international system they argue.

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32
Q

What is the Nash equilibrium?

A

It’s 2,2. Or defect and defect. Which is the end of the game circle. And suboptimal, inefficient, or inferior strategy.

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33
Q

What is the optimal, efficient and superior strategy?

A

3,3 or cooperate. Because if someone moves no one will be worse off.

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34
Q

What is the suboptimal strategy?

A

If players move at least one will be better off.

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35
Q

What is the system of the ordering principle?

A

Anarchy.

36
Q

Why do Neoliberals argue that their could be no cooperation?

A

Because there are no contracts. Which are rights and obligations that states must maintain.

37
Q

Why will the game always end in defect?

A

Because of cheating.

38
Q

What is another word for mechanism in the Prisoner’s dilemma?

A

International regimes implicit or explicit.

39
Q

What is the sucker’s payoff?

A

5,1 or 5,1

40
Q

What is A’s ordering preference vs B’s?

A

A’s ordering: dc>cc>dd>cd

B’s ordering: cd>cc>dd>dc

41
Q

What is instrumentally rational?

A

Means to get the most pleasure out of a situation.

42
Q

What does it mean utility maximizers?

A

They are interested in obtaining the highest utility possible. Self interested.

43
Q

What does a rational utility maximizers always play in terms of strategy?

A

They always play a Dominant strategy. Never a dominated strategy.

44
Q

What side is player A on the squares?

A

To the left or west.

45
Q

What is Nash equilibrium?

A

Defect or the solution to the game.

46
Q

How do we indicate a players best strategy in Prisoners dilemma?

A

One hash mark. A and two B. Draw a line across. To cut out the rest.

47
Q

What is a Pareto improvement?

A

A move from a Pareto inferior to a Pareto superior.

48
Q

What is a Pareto inferior?

A

The move would make at least one player better off. The move will make no player worse off.

49
Q

Do states prefer mutual cooperation?

A

Yes

50
Q

What is the ordering principle of the international system?

A

Anarchy.

51
Q

What do neorealists argue about Prisoners dilemma? Aka not trust other states

A

Because there is not international 911 for help. To protect from physical attacks.

52
Q

What are principles and norms definition?

A

Principles are beliefs of fact, causation, and rectitude.

Norms are standards of behavior in terms of rights and obligations.

53
Q

What are rules?

A

explicit prescription or proscription.

54
Q

What are the 5 assumptions about the international system?

A
  1. ) the international system is anarchic. Ordering principle does not equal chaos
  2. ) states inherently possess some offensive military capability. Which gives them wehrewidrawl to hurt each other
  3. ) states can never be certain about each other’s intentions
  4. ) the most basic motive driving states is survival
  5. ) states think strategically and instrumentally rational.
55
Q

What are the 4 regimes and definitions?

A
  1. ) principles: beliefs of facts, causation, and rectitude
  2. ) norms: standards of behavior defined in terms of rights and obligations
  3. ) rules: specific prescriptions or proscriptions for action
  4. ) decision making procedures: prevailing practices for making and implementing collective choice.
56
Q

What does it mean to enforce contracts?

A

Rights and obligations

57
Q

What do instrumentally rational utility maximizers never do?

A

Play a dominated strategy.

58
Q

What is a Pareto superior, efficient, or optimal? What is a Pareto inferior?

A

Is when an outcome that a move to a different outcome would automatically make one player worse off.

The move would make at least one player better off. And the move will make no player worse off.

59
Q

Why can’t both parties agree to cooperate in Prisoners dilemma?

A

Because they fear cheating.

60
Q

How do regimes facilitate cooperation?

A

Because they provide states with information and reputations of members raising costs associated with noncompliance

61
Q

How is a prisoners dilemma to interstate relations?

A

Because the system is anarchical and no agent to enforce contracts. Fear of cheating suckers payoff.

62
Q

What does enforcement mean?

A

Attaching penalties.

63
Q

What are situational structuralists?

A

Basically neoliberals who want to analyze other games besides prisoners dilemma.

Emphasized second order problems

64
Q

What are the 5 situation structures games according to Situation structural artists?

A

Deadlock, suasion, cooperation games(prisoners dilemma), coordination (Battle of the Sexes), and assurance.

65
Q

What are the 3 second-order problems?

A

1.) Monitoring: refers to inability to know the behavior of other actors

2,) distribution: the allocation of gains(benefits or utilities) to who get what

3.) Sanctioning: attaching penalties for non-compliance.

66
Q

What are games of deadlock?

A

Games of deadlock cooperation is not possible. Thus second-order problems not relevant. Because prefer strategy is to defect.

67
Q

What are suasion games?

A

Most adverse to cooperation because involve all 3 second-order problems.

68
Q

What problems does Prisoners dilemma suffer from?

A

Monitoring and sanctioning

69
Q

What problems do coordination games suffer from?

A

Only distribution problems.

70
Q

What problems do assurance games have?

A

None

71
Q

What is the Pareto superior in deadlock?

A

Defect, Defect. If table answer is 3,3 which would be on the defect squares.

72
Q

What are the strategies in suasion games?

A

Players A’s dominant strategy is to cooperate. And B’s dominant strategy is to defect. Which is a Pareto Optimal.

3,5 A is 3 and B is 5

A is a hegemonic power. Benefit from creating free trade public good.

73
Q

What are public goods?

A

Non-excludable: can be used by everyone and non-rivalrous: one actors use of some good does not affect the quantity supplied if that good.

74
Q

What are the 2 games in a suasion game player A can used on player B to cooperate?

A

Use the carrot or stick.

75
Q

Can a state devaluate its currency?

A

Yes with approved of IMF have to check their books. Devalue because they can sell more goods and get more money.

76
Q

What do regimes provide?

A
  1. ) information
  2. ) quick feedback
  3. ) iteration
  4. ) enforcement/sanctioning.
77
Q

What is the Nash equilibrium for the following games: deadlock, suasion, PD, and battle of the sexes, and assurance?

A

Deadlock solution: 3,3

Suasion: 3,5

PD: 2,2

Coordination: 4,3 and 3,4

Assurance: 4,4 and 2,2

78
Q

What are the solutions for Battle of sexes?

A

4,3 and 3,4

79
Q

Solution for assurance game?

A

4,4 and 2,2 two Nash equilibrium c,c and d,d. But Pareto superior is cooperate.

80
Q

Gains difference between neorealists and neoliberals?

A

Neorealists cared about relative gains. And neoliberals cared about absolute gains.

81
Q

What is the equation U= V-k(W-V)

A

Neorealists argue and concern with distribution of the power in the system and relative gains.

U= utility of state A

V = payoff of state A

W = payoff of state B

K = is the coefficient for a state’s sensitivity to the gap in payoff

Let d = difference
W-V refers to gap in payoffs between state A and state B.

82
Q

What happens when V-K(D)? What happens when V-k(-D)

A

Utility maximizers goes down

Utility maximizers goes up.

83
Q

What does K have to be?

A

Have to be 0 for model to work.

84
Q

How does K vary?

A

1.) if a states partner is a long adversary or an ally

2,) if the issue of involves security rather than economic well-being

  1. ) state’s relative power has been on the decline rather than on the rise
  2. ) payoffs in the particular issue-area are more rather than less easily converted into capabilities within that issue-area.
85
Q

What does international society share?

A
  1. ) common interest
  2. ) common values

3,) common rules

4.) common institutions

86
Q

What is a system of states?

A

Sufficient contact + sufficient impact on one another’s decisions.

87
Q

Why are goals elementary, primary, and universal?

A

Primary have to be accomplish first if wish to accomplish any other goals. Universal because appear to be in every society. Elementary because unless realized we have no society.

Ps 230 And Ps 388 (22 decks)

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