Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 19 Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Talked about in class, not in objective.

Describe the pathway of signals from receptors to effectors. (5)

A
  1. cells in the somatic and visceral regions have receptors.
  2. Signal is sent along the afferent pathway to the post central gyrus of the brain (somatic sensory area)
  3. the signals then go to the cortex through interneurons
  4. the signals go through the interneurons which synapse with motor neurons in the precentral gyrus
  5. the signal is sent along the efferent pathway to muscles & glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do interneurons do? (4)

Talked about in class, not in objective.

A

receive message, memory, decision, interprets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_____ (type of cell) from the _____ (organ) make the autonomic nervous system.

Talked about in class, not in objective.

A

motor neurons from the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List, what are the collection of cell bodies called in CNS_________ and what are they called in the PNS______

A 
CNS = nuclei
PNS = ganglion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List, what the Collection of myelinated axons are called in CNS _____ and what are they called in PNS_______

A 
CNS = tract (eg. olfactory, optic tract)
PNS = nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

White matter. what is it made up of
Gray matter. what is it made up of

Which one is inside and outside in the cerebrum and spinal chord?

A

white matter = myelinated tracts
grey matter = neuron cell bodies with nucleus, unmyelinated

cerebellum = grey outside, white inside
spine = grey inside, white outside
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 meninges?
Where is the CSF?

Talked about in class, not in objective.

A
  1. dura matter
  2. arachnoid matter
  3. pia matter

subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

This meninge has spider like extensions.

A

arachnoid matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does BBB stand for? Brain uses lots of glucose (20%) because it has ____ going inside the brain. What types of cell surround the arteries? What do they create? What passes through? (3) What meninge is in between?

What is its primary function?

What is meningits? Why is it difficult to treat?

Talked about in class, not in objectives

A
  • blood brain barrier
  • blood vessels go inside brain
  • squamous epithelium on one side and ependymal cells on other creates tight junctions that only allows O2, aa, CO2 to pass-through. pia matter in between
  • function is to prevent substances from entering the cranial cavity
  • inflammation of meninges (pia and arachnoid mater) hard to treat because antibodies do not cross the BBB
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is cortex made of? gray matter or white matter

A

gray matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

***True or false

The brain and spinal chord both have a central cavity.

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What centers are located in pre and post central gyri

A

post central gyri = sensory center

pre central gyri = motor center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The central sulcus lies between what lobes

A

frontal & parietal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

***Objective, not in powerpoint

What are these parts of the cerebrum and what is their importance?
gyri
sulci
fissure

A 
gyri = bulges
sulci = ridges
fissure = deep grooves

gyri & sulci increase SA
fissure divides the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which cerebral hemisphere is dominant for language and math skills?

A

left hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which hemisphere is dominant for recognizing faces and appreciation of beauty?

A

right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The nerves ____ when creating left and right hemispheres.
Thus, right handed people are _____ dominant.

Talked about in class, not in objectives

A

decussatate, left hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Brain is constantly firing AP, which requires _____.
In cardiac arrest, there is no _____, which results in brain death.

Talked about in class, not in objectives

A

glucose, blood going to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 4 cerebral hemispheres? What are they divided by?

Talked about in class, not in objectives

A

left & right hemisphere divded by longitudinal fissures

cerebrum and cerebellum divided by transverse fissures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 4 regions of the CNS?

A
  • 2 cerebral hemispheres
  • diencephalon
  • brain stem
  • cerebellum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does corpus callosum connect?

A

left & right hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

_____ cells line vesicles and help make the CSF

A

ependymal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 3 functional areas of the cerebrum?

A

motor (voluntary movement), sensory (awareness of sensation), association (integration info)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

primary somatosensory cortex - location & function (4)

A 
location = postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
function = sensations of touch, temperature, pressure, pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

somatosensory association cortex location & function (2)

A 
location = parietal lobe
function = memory from previous experience, feel parts of objects without looking (purse diving)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

gustatory cortex - location & function & damage

A 
location = parietal lobe (insula)
function = taste
damage = not being able to taste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

primary auditory cortex - location & function & damage

A 
location = temporal lobe
function = sounds
damage = deafness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

auditory association area

function (3)

A

-recognize/differentiate/store memories of sounds, voices, songs, pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Broca’s area

other name, location, function, damage

A 
name = sensory speech area
location = frontal lobe, motor area
function = speech
damage = aphasia (loss of speech)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Wernike’s area

function, damage

A 
function = understanding written language
damage = speaks nonsense
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

visual association area

location, function (2), damage

A 
location = occipital lobe
function = associate image with spelling/recognize flowers, faces, other objects from past experience
damage = can see but cannot comprehend
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

visual cortex

location, damage

A 
location = occipital lobe
damage = blindness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

primary motor cortex

location, function

A 
location - precentral gyrus in frontal lobe
function - controls voluntary motor movemets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

premotor cortex

location, function

A 
location = frontal lobe
function = learning, understanding, conscientious behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

prefrontal cortex

location, function

A 
location = frontal lobe
function = plan movements, conscious controlled movements (like choreographer), working memory, problem solving
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

frontal eye field

function

A

function = voluntary eye movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

olfactoy cortex

location
function
damage

What is special about the olfactory nerve?

A 
location = temporal lobe
function = small
damage = cannot smell

olfactory nerves goes straight to cerebral cortex & bypass the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the 5 functions of the dominant hemisphere?

A
  • voluntary movement (pre and post central gyrus)
  • understanding written lang (Wernicke)
  • speech (Broca)
  • math computation
  • analytical abilities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

_____ area is in the precentral gyrus & _____ area is in the postcentral gyrus

A 
precentral = primary somatomotor area
postcentral = primary somatosensory area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

function of the grey matter of the cerebral cortex

A

decision making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The _____ nerve is the olfactory nerve.

A

first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

visceral sensory area - function

A

conscientious perceptions of visceral sensations (like upset stomach)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

vestibular cortex - function

A

conscious awareness of balance

44
Q

The 8th nerve is called the _____ nerve. What are the 2 functions?

A

vetibulo-cocchlear

balance)-(hearing

45
Q

What are the 4 motor areas?

A

primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, frontal eye field, brocas area

46
Q

What is the function of basal nuclei?What neurotransmitter (NT) controls their activity? What 2 diseases happen as a result of hyposecretion of this NT? What disease happens as a result of hypersecretion of this NT? What kind of movements is seen in both? What happens to the basal nuclei?

Which disease produces flapping movements?

A
  • function = prevents unnecessary motor movement
  • dopamine
  • hypo = less = low dopamine = parkinsons
  • basal nuclei overactive
  • hyper= lots of = high dopamine = schizophrenia, huntingtons disease
  • basal nuclei deteriorates

huntington

47
Q

What is the function of the limbic system? (2) What are they made of? (2) What nerve works closely with this system? How? What disease is it linked to?

A
  • controls emotions & help form memories
  • cingulate gyrus & hippocampus
  • olfactory nerve –> smells associated with memories
  • PTSD (someone smells smoke, reminds them of war, and start sweating)
48
Q

What structures make the Diencephalon? (10)

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • mamillary bodies
  • pineal gland
  • choroid plexus of the third ventricle
  • optic nerve
  • optic chiasma
  • optic tract
  • Retina
49
Q

What is the major function of reticular formation? What happens when it is less active?

A
  • keeps you alert

- yawn

50
Q

What 3 parts of the brain control sleep?

A

hyothalamus, reticular formation, pineal gland

51
Q

_____ (hormone) from the pineal gland helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle.

Increase =
Decrease =

A

melatonin
increase melatonin = sleep
decrease melatonin = wake

52
Q

What structures make the Brain stem

A
  • mid brain
  • pons
  • medulla
53
Q

What is in the midbrain?

A

cerebral aquaduct

54
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

respiratory center, controls rythym of breathing

55
Q

Function of the medulla oblongata.

A

cardiovascular & respiratory center (rate & depth of breathing)

56
Q

What is important about the medulla oblongata and pons?

A

cranial nerves come out of them

57
Q

What happens when the brain stem is damaged? How?

A

death because cardiovascular and respiratory systems damaged

because no glucose or O2 to make ATP, cannot breathe

58
Q

What is overall function of the cerebellum? Where is it located? What is it also called? What are the 2 hemispheres connected by?

A
  • controls balance
  • inferior to occipital lobes
  • little brain
  • connected by vermis
59
Q

What is the function of the thalamus, & why is it called the “Gateway to the Cortex”?

A

-relay station where all sensory information goes to first

60
Q

What is the function of the thalamus, & why is it called the “Gateway to the Cortex”? Why is a metaphor for it?

A
  • relay station where all sensory information goes to first to be sorted and sent to the cortex
  • thalamus = secretary
  • cortex = CEO
61
Q

List the functions of the hypothalamus

A
  1. Regulates sleep-wake cycles (biological clock)
  2. Thirst centers.
  3. Hunger centers
  4. Controls electrolytes and ions
  5. Regulates body temperature
  6. Autonomic control center for many visceral functions
  7. controls Blood pressure, heart rate
  8. Produces hormones
  9. Controls the Endocrine system
  10. controls respiration
62
Q

What are factors that help transfer short term memories to long term memories? (5)

A

rehersal, practice, association, experience, application

63
Q

What is hydrocephalus? What happens in babies? Why is hydrocephalus an emergency in adults?

A
  • blockage of the CSF at the medulla oblongata results in accumulation. itracranial pressure increases and damages the brain
  • in babies, their bones are not united so as CSF accumulates, head gets bigger
  • in adults, the head cannot expand so puts pressure on brain as it continues to expand, which results in paralysis & death
64
Q

What is faiting called? What is it?

A
  • syncopy

- brief loss of consciousness

65
Q

What is coma? It is the result of the damage of _____.

A
  • extended loss of consciousness

- damage to the reticular formation

66
Q

What is insomnia

A

chronic inability to sleep

67
Q

What is a concussion?

A

head hits something, brain bruise

68
Q

What is meningitis?

A

bacterial, viral, fungal infections of the meninge

69
Q

What is alzheimers?

A

when you start forgetting things

70
Q

What are transient ischemic attacks?

A

temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia

71
Q

What is sleep apnea? What happens?

A

-temporary cessation of breathing during sleep while you snore. as a result, CO2 accumulates and the person wakes up to breathe

72
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

abrupt lapse into sleep from awake state

73
Q

What are seizures due to?

A

epilipsy

74
Q

What are brain disorders/conditions related to consciousness? (12)

A

syncopy, coma, stroke, insomnia, concussions, contusion, menningitis, hydrocephalus, parkinsons, huntingtons, schizophrenia, aphasia

75
Q

What are brain disorders/conditions related to alternations of alertness and drowsiness?

A

hemorrhage, dyslexia, Alzheimers, transient ischemic attacks, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, seizures

76
Q

What is dyslexia? Which part of the brain does it affect?

A

difficulty in learning how to read

Left hemisphere

77
Q

What is a haemorrhage?

A

bleeding

78
Q

What is a contusion?

A

permanent brain damage

79
Q

Identify At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end?List the site where a lumbar puncture be performed?

A

between L1 and L2, below L2

80
Q

Do most spinal nerves carry sensory, motor impulses or both?

A

both

81
Q

Axons carrying what type of impulses travel in the dorsal roots? In the ventral roots?

A 
dorsal = sensory
ventral = motor
82
Q

Know meninges of spinal cord and spaces formed by them in order.

A 
epidural space
dura mater
sudural space
archnoid
subarchnoid
pia mater
83
Q

Identify the location of epidural space and what is in it?

A
  • between the vertebrae and spinal dura mater

- network of fat & veins

84
Q

Identify the normal components of CSF? (7) What does it NEVER have? What happens if it does?

A
  • gucose, O2, vitamins, ions (Na, Cl, Mg)

- never RBC, brain damaged and is bleeding somewhere

85
Q

dorsal, ventral, and lateral white columns are also called_____. What is found here? Cortical means _____. Corticospinal means _____.

A

faniculi

ascending sensory tract
descending motor tract

cortical = end in cortex, ascending tract
corticospinal = start in cortex, end in spine, descending tract
86
Q

What type of neuron cell bodies are found in the dorsal gray horn?ventral gray horn? lateral gray horn?

A

dorsal horns = interneurons
ventral horn = somatic motor neurons
lateral horn = visceral motor neurons (sympathetic)

87
Q

Where are cell bodies of sensory neurons found?

A

dorsal root ganglia

88
Q

What kinds of neurons are in the spinal nerve, dorsal root, dorsal root ganglion, ventral root?

A
89
Q

Lateral horns are located in these 2 regions.

A

thoracic & lumbar

90
Q

Interneurons lie here.

A

premotor cortex

91
Q

What causes polio? What happens to the muscles? Death results due to _____ of _____ (organ system 1) and _____ (organ system 2)

A
  • damage in the lower (ventral horn) motor neuron
  • muscles atrophy
  • death due to flaccid paralysis of respiratory muscles or cardiac arrest
92
Q

What is alzheimers?

A

when you start forgetting things

93
Q

funiculus are grey/white matter and horns are grey/white matter

A 
funiculi = white matter
horn = grey matter
94
Q

Damage to the brain will affect the _____ motor neuron, and a damage to the spine affects the _____ motor neuron.

A 
brain = upper motor neuron
spine = lower motor neuron
95
Q

What are pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts a part of?

What impulses travel in the pyramidal tracts? Where do these tracts arise from? What term describes it?

What impulses travel in the extrapyramidal tracts? Where do these tracts arise from? What term describes it?

A

Descending motor tracts.

Pyramidal

  • voluntary control
  • arise in the cortex
  • corticospinal

Extrapyramidal

  • involuntary control
  • arise anywhere else
  • rubrospinal
96
Q

How many neurons are in the ascending sensory tract and descending motor tracts?

A 
asending = 3
descending = 2
97
Q

What kind of motor problems would be seen in:

Damage to the _____ neurons causes flaccid paralysis.
Damage to the _____ neurons causes spastic paralysis.

Where are the damages in both? What happens to the reflexes?

A

flaccid = damage to the ventral horn cells (lower motor neurons)

  • damage in spinal chord
  • reflexes hypoactive or absent, muscles atrophy

spastic = damage to the upper motor neurons of the primary cortex

  • damage in brain
  • reflexes hyperactive because no voluntary control of muscles from the cortex
98
Q

How many neurons are in the ascending sensory tract and descending motor tracts?

A 
asending = 3
descending = 2
99
Q

Ascending neurons first stop at the _____.

A

thalamus

100
Q

If time

Upper motor neurons are made of _____ cells in the _____ (region of brain).

Lower motor neurons are made of _____ neurons that innervate _____ (organ).

A

upper motor neurons are made of pyramidal cells in the primary motor cortex

lower motor neurons are made of ventral horn motor neurons that innervate the skeletal muscles

101
Q

Cord transection in the cervical area

A

quadriplegia

everything below cervical area paralyzed

102
Q

Cord transection below the thoracic area

A

paraplegia

  • lower limb paralized
  • transectio between T1 and L1
103
Q

What is ALS/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) also called? It involves progressive destruction of _____ neurons and the _____ tract. How does death occur?

A
  • Lou Gehrig’s disease
  • destruction of ventral horn motor neurons and the pyramidal tract
  • respiratory neurons damaged, cannot breathe, death
104
Q

There is/isn’t eye movement in REM sleep.

A

no eye movement

105
Q

_____ waves are seen in deep sleep.

A

delta

106
Q

What makes up the sympathetic nervous system?

A

sympathetic = visceral motor neurons

Anatomy & Physiology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions