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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 15 Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term olfaction

A

smell

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2
Q

Define gustation. Where is the center.

A

taste, insula

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3
Q

Name the three parts of the ear, list the specific components within each

external ear (3)
middle ear (7)
inner ear (2)
A

external = pinna, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane

middle = malleus, incus, stapes, eustachean tube, oval & round window, tensor tympani, stapedius muscle

inner = bony & membranous labyrinth

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4
Q

What is the function of the eustacian tube? (2)

A
  • connects middle ear to the nasopharynx

- Equalizes pressure in the middle ear cavity with the external air pressure

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5
Q

Otitis media is an infection of the __. Usually seen in ___ because they put everything in their mouth.

A

eustachian tube

babies

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6
Q

The cavity of the choclea (of the bony labyrinth) is divided into 3 chambers. What are they? What do they contain?

A
  1. scala media = endolymph
  2. scala tympani = perilymph
  3. scala vestibuli = perylimph
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7
Q

What does the membranous labyrinth contain?

A

endolymph

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8
Q

Which structure contains receptor for rotary/angular equilibrium?

A

hair cells in the crista ampularis (receptor) in semicircular canals
involves the ampula (base of semicircular canal)

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9
Q

What structure detects change in linear acceleration?

A

hair cells of the macula (receptor) with an otolithic membrane of the saccule & utricle of the vestibule
-involves otoliths made of calcium carbonate

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10
Q

The side to side movement of the head is detected by the ___, and the back and forth of the head is detected by the ___.

A

side to side = utricle

back and forth = saccule

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11
Q

Name the fluid that fills the cochlear duct

A

perilymph

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12
Q

***Describe the structure, location and function of the Organ of Corti

A
  • hair cells on top of the basement membrane inside the membranous labyrinth
  • when hair cells bend, initiates AP that travels thru the vestibulocochlear nerve to thalamus to the hearing center (temporal lobe)
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13
Q

***Trace the pathway of sound from where sound waves reach the auricle to where to its interpretation site in the brain.

A

1.Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane which vibrates
2.Ossicles vibrate and amplify the pressure at the oval window
3.Pressure waves move through perilymph of the scala vestibuli into the
4. the cochlear duct, vibrating the basilar membrane
(Fibers near oval window Resonate with high-frequency pressure waves. Fibers near cochlear apex resonate with low-frequency pressure waves.
5. causing excitation of Hair Cells in the Spiral Organ. Bending stereocilia opens mechanically gated channels…Inward K+ and Ca2+ current causes a graded potential and the release of NT.
6. Impulses from the cochlea pass to the medulla through the eigth nerve
Impulses then go to the inferior colliculus (auditory reflex center)
7. From there, impulses pass to the auditory cortex via the thalamus
8. Auditory pathways cross over so that both cortices receive input from both ears

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14
Q

What does the endolymph contain?

A

K

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15
Q

Perilymph is similar to ___.

A

CSF

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16
Q

What cranial nerve carries impulses for hearing and equilibrium

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

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17
Q

What might cause conduction deafness sensorineural deafness?

A

conduction deafness =

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17
Q

What might cause conduction deafness (3) sensorineural deafness (3)?

A

conduction deafness

  • physical blockage of ear with earwav
  • tympanic membrane rupture
  • middle ear infection (otitis media)

sensorineural deafness

  • defect in organ of corti
  • defect in auditory nerves
  • defect in pathways of the brain
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18
Q

Otoliths are different from ossicle how?

A 
otolith = stone
ossicle = bone
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19
Q

Once the mechanoreceptors in the macula or crista ampullaris are stimulated, trace the nerve impulse to its site of interpretation. (5 steps)

A
  1. soundwaves are converted into electrical signal
  2. which generates AP
  3. goes through the vestibulocochlear nerve to
  4. thalamus
  5. primary auditory cortex in temporal lope
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20
Q

Which travels faster: sound waves or light?

A

light

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21
Q

Name the three tunics (coverings) of the eye, give a general function for each, and name the specific components of each tunic

A

Fibrous tunic
Sclera
cornea

Vascular tunic (uvea)
Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

Sensory tunic
retina + optic nerve

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22
Q

What does the cornea do?

A

Bends light as it enters the eye

23
Q

What does the sclera do (3)

A
  • protects & shapes eyeball

- Anchors extrinsic eye muscles

24
Q

What is in the ciliary body? What are they made of? What holds the lens in position?

A
  • Smooth muscle bundles called ciliary muscles

- Suspensory ligaments hold lens in position

25
Q

The iris is supplied by the ___ nerve.

A

3rd (oculomotor)

26
Q

***Explain the function of the enzyme lysozyme

A
27
Q

What structure is the blind spot of the eye? Why? It is the site where ___ leaves the eye.

A

optic disc
lacks photoreceptors
site where optic nerve leaves the eye

28
Q

The collections of axons of ___ cells make up the optic nerve. It makes a ___ and leave the back of the eye.

A

ganglion cells

make a right angle to turn and leave the back of the eye.

29
Q

The retina have 2 layers. The outer layer has ___ and stores ___. Its function is ___>

The second layer has ___ (3). Its function is ___.

A

The outer layer has melanin (pigmented) and stores vitamain A
Function = absorbs light & prevent scattering

the second layer has photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
function =  signals spread from photoreceptors to bipolar to ganglion cells
30
Q

Describe rods and cones of the retina of the eye, their anatomy and how they function.

A

rods = night vision & dim light
-contains rhodopsin

cones = day & color vision
-concentrated in fovea centralis

31
Q

What are the 3 types of cones?

A

blue, green, red

32
Q

What is color blindness? What is the most common type? Which gender is it more seen in? Why?

A
  • lack of any type of pigment cones
  • red-green most common type
  • X linked, passed from mom to son
  • seen more in males
33
Q

Trace a photon of light from where it penetrates the cornea of the eye to where it’s interpreted in the brain.

A
34
Q

What is myopia? Where is the focal point?

A

nearsightedness, cannot see far away

focal point in front of retina

35
Q

Where is the sharpest vision?

A

fovea centralis

36
Q

What is hyperopia? Where ist the focal point?

A

farsightedness, cannot see up close

focal point behind retina

37
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

unequal curvatures in different parts of cornea/lens

38
Q

What is 20/20?

A

can read at distance of 20 feet

39
Q

How does eye respond when comes from dark room to light (5)?

A
  • pupils constrict
  • pigments break down (bleaching)
  • rhodopsin deactivated
  • produces glare
  • cones activated
40
Q

How does eye respond when comes from light into dark room? (3)

A
  • pupils dialate
  • cones stop working
  • rods bleached by bright light so don’t work
  • takes a little time for rods/rhodopsin to regenerate
41
Q

What is bleaching?

A

conversion/breakdown of 11-cis isomer (bent form) opsin is converted into the all-trans isomer (straight form); as a result, retinal and opsin separate

42
Q

What is Rhodopsin made up of.

A

rhodopsin = retinal (vitamin A) + opsin

43
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

blockage to flow of aqueous humor, which increases intraocular pressure, which causes blindness

44
Q

What is cataract?

A

lens become opaque because proteins break down

45
Q

What is conjuncctivitis?

A

thin membrane conjunctiva infection (pink eye)

46
Q

What are the 4 openings in an ear?

A

round window, oval window, eustachian tube, tympanic membrane

47
Q

___ controls pressure in ear.

A

oval window

48
Q

What is vertigo?

A

excessive stimulation of semicircular ducts due to infection of the labyrinth

49
Q

What is tinnitis? What can it cause?

A

ringing in ear can cause sensorineural deafness

50
Q

What is static equilibrium?

A

ability to detect direction of head when body is not moving

51
Q

What are the 5 special senses?

A

vision, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium

52
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the iris? Which one is contracted in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system? Which increases or decreases muscle size?

A
  • circular & radial muscles
  • parasymp = circular muscle (inner) = decrease pupil size
  • symp = radial muscle (outer) = increase pupil size
53
Q

visual pigments are in ___

A

rhodopsin

54
Q

photoreceptors and bipolar cells can only generate ____ potentials

A

graded (EPSP or IPSP)

Anatomy & Physiology (23 decks)

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