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Anatomy II > The Blood > Flashcards

The Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Normal pH of blood:

A

7.35-7.45

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2
Q

How many total liters are blood found in male & female?

A

Male: 5-6
Female: 4-5

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3
Q

Is plasma extra cellular or intracellular?

A

Extracellular, in the matrix

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4
Q

What type of tissue is blood considered?

A

Connective tissue

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5
Q

Whole blood components: ____ & _____

A

Cells and plasma

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6
Q

The 6 solutes in plasma:

A

Gases
Hormones
Enzymes
Waste
Ions
Proteins

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7
Q

3 plasma proteins:

A

Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulins

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8
Q

Globulin function

A

Antibodies and transport proteins

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9
Q

Fibrinogen function

A

Blood clotting

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10
Q

Albumin function

A

Role in osmotic pressure
(The pressure it takes to stop water from one side of the vessel entering the other side)

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11
Q

What does low albumin cause

A

Edema

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12
Q

3 formed elements in whole blood

A

RBC
WBC
platelets

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13
Q

Hematocrit definition, normal ranges?

A

% of RBC in blood

Male: 42-55
Female: 38-50

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14
Q

Hematopoiesis definition

A

Whole blood formation

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15
Q

Erythropoiesis definition

A

RBC formation

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16
Q

Where are all adult blood cells made? Where is that located?

A

Red bone marrow
In the epiphysis of long bones

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17
Q

All blood cells are made from the same ______.

A

Hematopoietic stem cell
(Hemocytoblast)

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18
Q

How does a stem cell know which cell to become?

A

The different hormones influencing the cell

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19
Q

Erythropoietin defined, what does it increase?

A

Hormone made by the kidneys when oxygen is low, increases erythropoiesis

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20
Q

What does the colony stimulating factor increase?

A

Growth of WBC cells

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21
Q

How many RBCS per mm3

A

4-6 million

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22
Q

How long do RBCS Live

A

120 days

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23
Q

Polycythemia

A

Too many RBC

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24
Q

Anemia

A

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity in the blood

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25
Q

What element binds to oxygen in hemoglobin? How many

A

Iron, 4

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26
Q

Normal hemoglobin range in male/female?

A

Male: 14-18 g/dL
Female: 12-16 g/dL

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27
Q

WBC per mm3?

A

5k-10k

28
Q

What’s the major histocompatibility complex?

A

Proteins on cell to detect ‘self’ & foreign pathogens

29
Q

Too many WBC?

A

Leukocytosis

30
Q

Too few WBC?

A

Leukopenia

31
Q

Diapedisis defined

A

The ability for a cell to squeeze through capillary walls to tissue

32
Q

What WBC goes through diapedesis

A

Neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils

33
Q

Chemotaxis

A

WBC attracted to an area from certain chemicals

34
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Phagocytes engulf other cells or paghogens

35
Q

5 types of leukocytes and their abundances

A

Neutrophils 50-70
Lymphocytes 20-40
Monocytes 2-8
Eosinophils 2-4
Basophils 0-1

36
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

First line of defense

37
Q

Purpose of defensins
Lysosomes
& oxidants in neutrophils

A

Defensins antibacterial chemical
Lysozymes digestive enzymes
Oxidants take certain chemicals away

38
Q

Eosinophils take a role with ____ & ____

A

Parasitic worms & allergens

39
Q

Significance of basophils with anaphylactic shock

A

Causes BP drop, hard breathing, bronchioles constrict

40
Q

The basophils contain histamine, heparin, & serotonin. Significance?

A

Heparin- stops clotting
Histamine- mediates inflammation
Serotonin- increases vessel permeability

41
Q

3 types of lymphocytes, functions?

A

T cells- immune function
B cells- makes antibodies
Nk cells- kills invaders or faulty cells

42
Q

Monocytes leave the blood and go to the tissues to become what?

A

Macrophages

43
Q

Are platelets cells?

A

No, they are cell fragments full with granules

44
Q

Mm3 of platelets

A

200k-400k

45
Q

Function of platelets?

A

Clotting functions (hemostasis)

46
Q

What is a megakaryocyte

A

Cells with nuclei, where platelets shed off of.

47
Q

Substances in platelets

A

Actin/myosin
Clotting factors
ADP
Serotonin
Thromboxane A2

48
Q

The 3 steps in hemostasis

A

Vascular spasm
Platelet plug
Coagulation

49
Q

Significance of prostacyclin?

A

A prostaglandin that inhibits platelet aggregation

50
Q

Result of coagulation?

A

A permanent plug made of fibrin

51
Q

What 2 things does coagulation require?

A

Specifically Vit k & calcium

52
Q

Damaged cells activate clotting factors like ___

A

Prothrombinase

53
Q

What reaction does prothrombinase activate?

A

Prothrombin——> thrombin

54
Q

What reaction does thrombin activate

A

Fibrinogen ——> fibrin

55
Q

What is serum

A

A liquid like plasma with no clotting factors

56
Q

Extrinsic pathway is damaged ____

A

Tissue

57
Q

Intrinsic pathway is damaged ____

A

Endothelium

58
Q

What does fibrinolysis begin with

A

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

59
Q

What does TPA activate?

A

Plasminogen ——> plasmin

60
Q

What does plasmin activate?

A

Fibrin ——> broken fibrin

61
Q

What is an embolus

A

A blood clot circulating in the blood stream?

62
Q

What is a thrombus

A

A blood clot that impedes blood flow

63
Q

What 2 things could cause a thrombus/or embolus

A

Slow blood flow
Uneven epithelium

64
Q

Clinical setting: TPA function

A

Can dissolve clots

65
Q

Clinical setting: heparin

A

Blocks thrombin, fibrin cannot form to help a wound

66
Q

Clinical setting: Vit k antagonists

A

Inhibits clotting factors, prothrombinase cannot for, which is the starting of coagulation

Anatomy II (9 decks)

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