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Anatomy II > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 organ systems that play a role in body functions

A

Nervous system
Endocrine system

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2
Q

What 2 hormones are fat soluble

A

T3 & T4

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3
Q

Why do fat soluble proteins need a transport protein?

A

In order to pass through the plasma membrane of the cell

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4
Q

Why do water soluble proteins require a second messenger?

A

They are not fat soluble so they can’t pass through the cell membrane

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5
Q

Explain negative feedback

A

When one thing increases the other decreases

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6
Q

Explain positive feedback

A

The more something increases the other thing increases as well.

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7
Q

What is an eicosaniods

A

20 carbon fatty acids from essential fat.
These are hormones are “local hormones” bc they act on neighboring cells

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8
Q

Name a couple eicosanoids functions

A

Form platelet plug
Body temperature control
Immune functions
Contract smooth muscle of uterus

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9
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland?

A

Adenohypophysis & neurohypophysis

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10
Q

How is the anterior pituitary controlled?

A

Through the hypothalamus’ releasing hormones

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11
Q

What controls the posterior pituitary?

A

The hypothalamus’ neurosecretory cells

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12
Q

What portal vein is in the i dindin infundibulum?

A

Hypophyseal portal vein

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13
Q

Name the hormones made by the anterior pituitary

A

ACTH
TSH
MSH
FSH
LH
Proclactin
Growth hormone (hGH)

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14
Q

Name the hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin & ADH

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15
Q

Name the 4 tropic hormones

A

TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH

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16
Q

What gland does TSH work on? What does it produce?

A

Thyroid gland to make T3 & T4

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17
Q

When t3 & t4 are high, TSH is ____

A

Low

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18
Q

ACTH acts on what gland? It’s release is controlled by the _____ to produce _____.

A

The adrenal gland cortex.
Controlled by the HYPOTHALAMUS to make CORTISOL.

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19
Q

When cortisol is low, _____ of the releasing hormone is made by the hypothalamus

A

More

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20
Q

How does birth control prevent pregnancy?

A

There is no GnRH, so there is no FSH/LH, which means there is no egg development.

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21
Q

Define prolactin

A

Stimulates milk production and secretion

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22
Q

Define MSH

A

Stimulates melanocytes of the skin

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23
Q

Define giantism

A

Too much growth hormone as a kid

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24
Q

Define acromegaly. Why is widening of the hands a symptom?

A

Too much growth hormone as an adult. This is caused by rapid growth of tissues and bones

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25
Q

What is a lack of ADH called

A

Diabetes insipidus

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26
Q

If a person has diabetes insipidus, why is their urine dilute

A

Lack of ADH causes dilute urine and polyuria bc they cannot reabsorb H2O

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27
Q

What are oxytocin’s 2 target tissues

A

Mammary gland
Uterine muscle

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28
Q

Describe “let down” reflex

A

This makes the milk flow, it makes prolactin and oxytocin. Prolactin makes milk, oxytocin pushed the milk out

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29
Q

Explain the positive feedback of oxytocin

A

The more oxytocin is made, the more dilation occurs

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30
Q

What is the middle part of the thyroid gland called?

A

Isthmus

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31
Q

What do c cells make

A

Calcitonin

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32
Q

What’s the purpose of follicular cells

A

Synthesize and stores thyroid

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33
Q

How are T3 & T4 stored

A

In the colloid

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34
Q

What element is needed to make thyroid hormones?

A

Iodine

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35
Q

Do t3/4 require a protein carrier

A

Yes bc they aren’t H2O soluble.

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36
Q

Name 3 functions of T3 & T4

A

Increases metabolism
Increase growth
Increase heart rate

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37
Q

Define Graves’ disease, name symptoms

A

Too much thyroid hormone.
Symptoms include tachycardia, Inc BP, Inc body temperature

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38
Q

Define goiter

A

Enlarged thyroid so it can absorb more iodine.

39
Q

What are the effects of calcitonin on blood calcium?

A

Calcitonin decreases calcium in the blood

40
Q

Is calcitonin secretion controlled by the anterior pituitary?

A

No, it’s directly effected by blood calcium levels

41
Q

The parathyroid hormone is made by cells called _______ cells.

A

Chief cells

42
Q

How does the parathyroid effect calcium? Phosphate?

A

It increases calcium, it decreases phosphate

43
Q

The parathyroid promotes the activation of vitamin D to _______(hormone)

A

Calcitrol.

44
Q

Signs of hypoparathyroidism

A

Cramps, muscle spasms, blood clots

45
Q

What is the adrenal medulla controlled by? The cortex?

A

Sympathetic NS
Anterior pituitary

46
Q

Name 3 layers of adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

47
Q

What are the 3 hormones made by each layer of the adrenal cortex

A

Mineralcorticoids (ALDOSTERONE)
Glucocorticoid (CORTISOL)
Gonadocorticoids (ANDROGEN)

48
Q

What is made by the adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine

49
Q

Hyperaldosteronism would lead to _______

A

Hypokalemia

50
Q

What is the major function of glucocorticoids?

A

Increase blood glucose

51
Q

Name some functions of glucocorticoids

A

Anti inflammatory
Increase BP
Needed for handling stress
Catabolism (break down fats)

52
Q

Glucocorticoids ______ the production of collagen

A

Decrease

53
Q

Cushings disease

A

Too much cortisol

( could experience muscle weakness, high glucose, high bp, etc)

54
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Lack of cortisol
(Low sugar, low aldosterone, low BP, HIGH potassium)
THIS CAN BE LIFE THREATENING BC CAUSES ORGAN FAILURE

55
Q

What hormone plays a role in the alarms phase

A

Epinephrine

56
Q

How can the hypothalamus control high levels of cortisol

A

As cortisol increases, the releasing hormone is blocked

57
Q

Alpha cells make _____,
Beta cells make ____.

A

Glucagon,
Insulin.

58
Q

What is somatosatin made by delta cells

A

A growth hormone inhibiting hormone

59
Q

How does insulin effect glucose levels

A

Insulin decreases glucose

60
Q

Define diabetes mellitus

A

Increased amount of glucose in the body
(Type 1- can’t make insulin
Type 2- insulin isn’t effective)

61
Q

Where in the ovary is estrogen made?

A

In the follicles

62
Q

TSH

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Anterior pituitary
Releases T3&T4
Dec T3/T4, Inc releasing hormone

63
Q

ACTH

made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Anterior pituitary
Tells cortex to inc cortisol
Dec cortisol, inc releasing hormone

64
Q

FSH

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Anterior pituitary
Egg/sperm production
Dec estrogen/testosterone

65
Q

LH

made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

A. Pituitary
Ovulation/ testosterone
Inc estrogen causes ovulation
(Also same as FSH)

66
Q

MSH

made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

A. Pituitary
Inc pigmentation
Stimulated by hypothalamus

67
Q

HGH

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

A. Pituitary
Inc glucose, Inc lipolysis, Inc growth
Stimulated by hypothalamus

68
Q

Prolactin

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

A. Pituitary
Maintains milk secretion
Stimulated by hypothalamus

69
Q

Oxytocin

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Hypothalamus
“Let down” reflex
Stimulated by dilation or sucking nipple

70
Q

ADH

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Hypothalamus
Makes nephron water soluble
Increased osmolarity

71
Q

Releasing hormones

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Hypothalamus
Inc/Dec of A. Pituitary
Stimulated by negative feedback sys

72
Q

T3 & T4

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Thyroid
Inc HR, Inc metabolism
Increase TSH from A. Pituitary

73
Q

Calcitonin

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Thyroid
Decrease blood calcium
Increased blood calcium

74
Q

Parathyroid hormone

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Parathyroid
Inc calcium, Inc magnesium, Dec phosphate
Decreased blood calcium

75
Q

Aldosterone(mineralcorticoids)

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Adrenal cortex(zona glomerulosa)
Inc Na, Dec K
Dec Na, Inc K, Inc angiotensin II

76
Q

Cortisol (glucocorticoids)

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Adrenal cortex(zona fasciculata)
Inc glucose, Inc lipolysis, poor wound healing
Increased ACTH

77
Q

Androgens(gonadocorticoids)

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Adrenal cortex(zona reticularis)
Hair pattern
—

78
Q

Epinephrine

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Adrenal medulla
Fight or flight response
Increased sympathetic NS(hypothalamus)

79
Q

Glucagon

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Pancreas(alpha cells)
Inc glucose
Dec blood glucose

80
Q

Insulin

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Pancrease(beta cells)
Lowers blood glucose
Increased blood glucose

81
Q

Estrogen

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Follicles and corpus luteum
Female sex characteristics
Inc FSH

82
Q

Progesterone

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated in?

A

Corpus luteum
Growth, maintenance of endometrium
Inc LH(FSH)

83
Q

Testosterone

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Testes (leydig)
Male sex characteristics
Inc LH stimulated leydigs to make testosterone

84
Q

HCG

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Placenta
Maintains corpus luteum

85
Q

Relaxin

Made where?
Action?
Stimulated by?

A

Corpus luteum, placenta
Relaxes pubic bone, dilate cervix
Increased towards end of pregnancy

86
Q

Renin

Made?
Action?
Made when?

A

By kidney
Inc BP
when BP low, NA low

87
Q

EPO

made where?
Action?
Made when?

A

Kidney
Inc RBC
when in hypoxia

88
Q

Calcitrol

Made where?
Action?
Made when?

A

Skin liver and kidney
Inc calcium
Stimulated by parathyroid

89
Q

4 hormones made by the GI tract

A

CCK
Secretin
Gastrin
Histamine

90
Q

ANP

Made where?
Action?
Made when?

A

Atria
Dec Na Dec BP
Stimulated by stretch of heart

91
Q

Angiotensin II action?

A

Inc BP, Inc ADH, Inc aldosterone Inc thirst

92
Q

Lepton

Made where?
Action?

A

Adipose tissue
Role in puberty

93
Q

Where are somatomedins produced

A

Primarily the liver

Anatomy II (9 decks)

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