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Biology 2 > Chapter 28 Part C: Rhizarians And Unikonta > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Part C: Rhizarians And Unikonta Flashcards

1
Q

What does the “R” in SAR stand for?

A

Rhizarians

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2
Q

Many species of rhizarians are ________.

A

Amoebas

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3
Q

__________ are protists that move and feed using _____________, extensions of the cell surface.

A

Amoebas; pseudopodia

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4
Q

Why do Rhizarian amoebas differ from amoebas in other clades?

A

They have threadlike pseudopodia

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5
Q

What are the 3 clades of Rhizarians

A

Radiolarians, forams, and cercozoans

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6
Q

Which subgroup of the Rhizarians have delicate, symmetrical internal typically made of ________.

A

Radiolarians; silica

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7
Q

What radiates from the central body in Radiolarians?

A

Pseudopodia reinforced by microtubules

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8
Q

In Radiolarians, prey are engulfed by cytoplasm in the _____________ and carried into the cell by ____________ ____________.

A

Pseudopodia; cytoplasmic streaming

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9
Q

Most radiolarians are _________ organisms

A

Marine

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10
Q

What is another name for the subgroup Forams?

A

Foraminiferans

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11
Q

Forams are named for their porous _________ __________ shells, called _______.

A

Calcium carbonate; tests

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12
Q

What three things are psuedopodia used in?

A

Swimming, test formation, and feeding

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13
Q

What do forams host within their tests?

A

Mutualistic photosynthetic algae

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14
Q

Where do Forams live?

A

Ocean and fresh water

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15
Q

Forams’ _______ make up part of the ________ sediments

A

Fossils; marine

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16
Q

What are used for correlating the age of sedimentary rocks in different parts of the world

A

Fossilized tests

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17
Q

The ___________ ________ of the fossilized tests is used to estimate the change in ocean _________ over time.

A

Magnesium content; temperature

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18
Q

What is the last subgroup of Rhizarians?

A

Cercozoans

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19
Q

Are amoeboid and flagellated protists

A

Cercozoans

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20
Q

A Rhizarians subgroup that feeds using threadlike pseudopodia.

A

Cercozoans

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21
Q

Where are the 3 common places to find Cercozoans?

A

Marine, fresh water, and soil ecosystems

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22
Q

Most cercozoans are heterotrophic ___________ or __________.

A

Parasites; predators

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23
Q

This is a small group of ____________ that is a part of the subgroup Cercozoans

A

Mixotrophs; Chlorarachniophytes

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24
Q

An example of a Cercozoans; it is known to be __________.

A

Paulinella chromatophora; autotrophic

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25
Q

Paulinella chromatophora has a unique photosynthetic structure called

A

Chromatophore

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26
Q

What are derived from endosymbiosis with a Cyanobacteria different from the one that gave rise to ________.

A

Chromatophores; plastids

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27
Q

What are the closest relatives of plants?

A

Red and green algae

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28
Q

__________ arose when a heterotrophic protist acquired a Cyanobacteria ___________.

A

Plastids; endosymbiont

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29
Q

_________ are descended from the ______ algae.

A

Plants; green

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30
Q

The supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, and plants

A

Archaeplastida

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31
Q

What gives red algae its color?

A

Phycoerythrin

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32
Q

What is phycoerythrin?

A

An accessory pigment that masks the green of chlorophyll

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33
Q

What color of red algae shows in shallow water?

A

Greenish-red

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34
Q

What color of red algae shows in deep water?

A

Dark red or almost black

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35
Q

Most red algae are _________.

A

Multicellular

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36
Q

Example of red algae

A

Largest are seaweeds

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37
Q

Reproduction is ________ in ____ algae

A

Sexual; red

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38
Q

The life cycles of red algae often include _____________ ___ ________________.

A

Alternation of generations

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39
Q

Where are red algae common?

A

Coastal waters of tropical oceans

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40
Q

Some species of red algae are consumed by _______, such as _________ (“nori”) that is used to wrap sushi

A

Humans; Porphyra

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41
Q

________ algae are named for their green ____________

A

Green; chloroplasts

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42
Q

Have chloroplasts that are structurally and chemically similar to those found in plants

A

Green algae

43
Q

Green algae form a ____________ group

A

Paraphyletic

44
Q

What does the paraphyletic group include?

A

Charophytes and chlorophytes

45
Q

Include algae most closely related to plants

A

Charophytes

46
Q

T/F: Chlorophytes only live in fresh water

A

F: They most live in fresh water, there are many marine and some terrestrial species

47
Q

Green algae have various __________ species that are ______-_______ while others live ___________ with other eukaryotes

A

Unicellular; free-living; symbiotically

48
Q

What kind of environments do some green algae live in?

A

Exposed to intense visible and ultraviolet radiation

49
Q

The first mechanism that caused larger size and greater complexity to evolve in green algae?

A
  1. Formation of colonies from individuals cells
50
Q

What is an example of the 1st mechanism

A

Pediastrum

51
Q

The second mechanism that caused larger size and greater complexity to evolve in green algae?

A

Formation of true multicellular bodies by cell division and differentiation

52
Q

Wha are examples of the second mechanism

A

Volvox and Ulva

53
Q

The third mechanism that caused larger size and greater complexity to evolve in green algae?

A

Repeated division of nuclei with no cytoplasmic division

54
Q

What is an example of the third mechanism

A

Caulerpa

55
Q

Have complex life cycles with both sexual and asexual reproductive stage

A

Most chlorophytes

56
Q

T/F: Nearly all species of green algae have flagellated gametes with flat-shaped chloroplasts.

A

F: biflagellated gametes with cup-shaped chloroplasts

57
Q

Alternation of generations has evolved in some _____________, including ______

A

Chlorophytes; Ulva

58
Q

This supergroup includes protists that are closely related to fungi and animals

A

Unikonts

59
Q

What are the 2 major clades of unikonts?

A

Amoebozoans and opisthokonts

60
Q

What are a part of the amoebozoans?

A

Tubulinids, slime molds, and entamoebas

61
Q

What are a part of the opisthokonts?

A

Animals, fungi, and related protists

62
Q

Controversial hypothesis: Unikonts were the _________ to diverge from other __________ groups

A

First; eukaryote

63
Q

Amoebas that have lobe- or tube- shaped, rather than threadlike, ______________

A

Amoebozoans; pseudopodia

64
Q

Where are Tubulinids common?

A

Unicellular protists in soil as well as freshwater and marine environments

65
Q

Most Tubulinids are active _______ of bacteria and other protists; other feed on __________

A

Predators; detritus

66
Q

Another name for slime molds

A

Mycetozoans

67
Q

What were slime molds once thought to be? Why?

A

Fungi; spore-producing fruiting bodies

68
Q

Slime molds thought to be fungi is a result of

A

Convergent evolution

69
Q

What are the two lineages of slime molds?

A

Plasmodia slime molds and cellular slime molds

70
Q

What is the structure within slime molds?

A

Plasmodial slime molds

71
Q

Brightly colored, often yellow or orange

A

Plasmodial slime molds

72
Q

Large feeding mass formed by Plasmodial slime molds

A

Plasmodium

73
Q

Single “supercell” that contains many diploid nuclei undivided by plasma membranes

A

Plasmodium

74
Q

Forms a fruiting body for sexual reproduction in unfavorable environmental conditions

A

Plasmodium

75
Q

Form multicellular aggregate in which cells are separated by plasma membranes

A

Cellular slime molds

76
Q

Feeding stage consists of solitary cells

A

Cellular slime molds

77
Q

__________ cells unite to form a ____-like aggregate for ___________ when habitat conditions are ______

A

Solitary; slug; migration; poor

78
Q

What ultimately forms a fruiting body in cellular slime molds?

A

Aggregated cells

79
Q

Model organism for the studying of evolution of multicellularity

A

Dictyostelium discoideum

80
Q

_______ in the stalk of the fruiting body ____ without reproducing

A

Cells; die

81
Q

Cells at the _____ survive to _________

A

Top; reproduce

82
Q

Some cells have a “_______” mutation, giving them the reproductive __________ of not forming the _____

A

Cheat; advantage; stalk

83
Q

What type of cells lack a specific surface protein recognized by noncheaters

A

Cheating cells

84
Q

What cells avoid exploitation by preferentially aggregating with other noncheaters?

A

Non-cheaters

85
Q

Parasites of all classes of vertebrates and some invertebrates

A

Entamoeba

86
Q

Humans host at least _____ species, but only _____________ is pathogenic

A

6; E. Histolytica

87
Q

Causes amoebic dysentery, the third-leading cause of death due to eukaryotic parasites

A

E. Histolytica

88
Q

Are a diverse group including animals, fungi, and several groups of protists

A

Opisthokonts

89
Q

What play key roles in ecological communities?

A

Protists

90
Q

What environments are protist found in?

A

Diverse aquatic and moist terrestrial environments

91
Q

What are the two roles that protists play in their habitats?

A

Symbiont and producer

92
Q

What kind of protist benefit their host?

A

Symbiotic protist

93
Q

Parasites

A

Protist symbionts

94
Q

Symbiotic protist that causes malaria in humans?

A

Plasmodium

95
Q

Symbiotic protist dinoflagellate that attached and feeds on the skin of fish

A

Pfiesteria shumwayae

96
Q

Symbiotic protist that causes sudden oak death

A

Phytophthora Ramorum

97
Q

Organisms that use energy from light (or inorganic compounds) to convert to organic compounds

A

Producers

98
Q

In aquatic communities, who are the main producers?

A

Photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes

99
Q

Directly or indirectly depend on producers for food

A

Consumers

100
Q

Limited by nutrients; populations explode when nutrients are added

A

Photosynthetic protists

101
Q

Have declined with increasing sea surface temperature

A

Growth and biomass of photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes

102
Q

Acts as a barrier to upwelling

A

Warm surface water

103
Q

3 things affected if sea surface temperature continues to warm

A

Marine ecosystems, fishery yields, and global carbon cycle

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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