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Biology 2 > Chapter 34A: Vertebrates > Flashcards

Chapter 34A: Vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

A

Chordates

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2
Q

Are bilaterian animals belonging to the clade called Deuterostomia

A

Chordates

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3
Q

Chordates comprise all vertebrates and 2 groups of invertebrates:

A

Urochordates
Cephalochordates

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4
Q

What are the 4 key characters of chordates?

A

Notochord
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal slits or clefts
Muscular, post-anal tail

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5
Q

A longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord

A

Notochord

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6
Q

Provides flexible skeletal support during early development and in adults that retain it

A

Notochord

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7
Q

The ______ _____ of the embryo develops into the CNS: the brain and spinal cord

A

Nerve cord

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8
Q

All chordate embryos have grooves along the outer surface of the pharynx called

A

Pharyngeal clefts

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9
Q

The grooves develop into _________ ______ that open into the pharynx

A

Pharyngeal slits

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10
Q

Allow water to pass from the mouth to the outside of the body, bypassing the digestive tract

A

Pharyngeal slits

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11
Q

Suspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordates

A

Pharyngeal slits and arches

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12
Q

Modified into gills for gas exchange in non-tetrapod vertebrates

A

Pharyngeal slit and arches

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13
Q

___________ do not develop pharyngeal slits, the _________ develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck

A

Tetrapods; arches

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14
Q

Provides propelling force in many aquatic species

A

Muscular, post-anal tail

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15
Q

Are a part of phylum Cephalochordata and are marine suspension feeders, named for their blade like shape

A

Lancelets

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16
Q

They swim using a simplified form of the mechanism used by fish

A

Lancelets

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17
Q

Are a part of phylum Urochordata and are more closely related to other chordates than are lancelets

A

Tunicates

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18
Q

Adult tunicates and are sessile

A

Sea squirts

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19
Q

__________ are chordates that have a backbone

A

Vertebrates

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20
Q

A skeletal system and complex nervous system have allowed vertebrates efficiency at 2 essential tasks:

A

Capturing food
Evading predators

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21
Q

Unique to vertebrates; appears along the edges of the closing neural tube

A

Neural crest

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22
Q

Neural crest cells disperse through the embryo and give rise to many features:

A

Teeth
Some bones and cartilage of the skull
Several types of neurons
Sensory capsules

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23
Q

Hagfish and Lampreys belong to which two phylum

A

Myxini and Petromyzontida

24
Q

Are the only living vertebrates lacking jaws

A

Hagfish and lampreys

25
Q

Lack a backbone, but have rudimentary vertebrae

A

Hagfish and lampreys

26
Q

Jawless vertebrates

A

Cyclostomes

27
Q

Jawless vertebrates with reduced vertebrae and a cartilaginous skull

A

Hagfish

28
Q

Has rows of slime glands that produce a slime that repels competitors and predators

A

Hagfish

29
Q

Jawless vertebrates with reduced vertebrae, a notochord, and a cartilaginous skeleton

A

Lampreys

30
Q

Among the earliest vertebrates in the fossil record; have large eyes to locate prey

A

Conodonts

31
Q

Jawed vertebrates (“Jaw mouth”)

A

Gnathostomes

32
Q

Include sharks and their relatives, ray finned fish, lobe-finned fish, amphibians, reptiles (including birds), and mammals

A

Gnathostomes

33
Q

Aquatic Gnathostomes have rows of organs sensitive to vibrations located along body sides

A

Lateral line system

34
Q

Sharks, rays and their relatives

A

Chondrichthyans

35
Q

Have a skeleton composed primarily of cartilage, often impregnated with calcium

A

Chondrichthyans

36
Q

In Chondrichthyans, this structure functions as a stabilizer and others structures are used for maneuvering

A

Dorsal fins; paired pectoral and pelvic fins

37
Q

The largest sharks and rays are

A

Suspension feeders

38
Q

What in Chondrichthyans’ digestive tract increase surface area and slow the passage of food

A

Spiral valve

39
Q

Eggs hatch outside the mother’s body

A

Oviparous

40
Q

Eggs are retained within the oviduct; young are born after hatching within the uterus

A

Ovoviviparous

41
Q

Young develop within the uterus and are nourished by a yolk sac placenta, absorption of nutrient rich fluid, or by eating other eggs

A

Viviparous

42
Q

A common chamber with a single opening to the outside of the body

A

Cloaca

43
Q

What three structures empty into the cloaca

A

Reproductive tract
Excretory system
Digestive tract

44
Q

Bottom-dwellers

A

Rays

45
Q

The vast majority of vertebrates are ___________, nearly all of which have a bony ______________

A

Osteichthyans; endoskeleton

46
Q

Bony fish and tetrapods

A

Osteichthyans

47
Q

Aquatic Osteichthyans

A

Fish

48
Q

Gills of fish are protected by a bony flap called

A

Operculum

49
Q

An air sac called the _______ ___________ is filled to maintain buoyancy

A

Swim bladder

50
Q

Ray-finned fish

A

Actinopterygii

51
Q

Lobe-fins

A

Sarcopterygii

52
Q

What are the 3 lineages of Lobe-fin

A

Coelacanths (Actinistia)
Lungfish (Dipnoi)
Tetrapods

53
Q

__________ are Gnathostomes that have limbs

A

Tetrapods

54
Q

4 fish characters

A

Scales
Fins
Gills
Lungs

55
Q

5 tetrapod characters

A

Neck
Ribs
Fin skeleton
Flat skull
Eyes on top of skull

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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