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Biology 2 > Chapter 40: Slides 60-90 > Flashcards

Chapter 40: Slides 60-90 Flashcards

1
Q

The arrangement of blood vessels in many marine mammals and birds allows for

A

Countercurrent exchange

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2
Q

What transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions; reduce heat loss

A

Countercurrent heat exchangers

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3
Q

What animals use countercurrent heat exchanges

A

Sharks, fish, and insects

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4
Q

Many __________ insects have a countercurrent heat exchangers that help maintain a high temperature in the thorax

A

Endothermic

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5
Q

What helps to cool an animal down?

A

Sweating or bathing

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6
Q

What increases the cooling effect in birds and many mammals

A

Panting

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7
Q

_________ and sometimes __________ use behavioral responses to control body temperature

A

Ectotherms; endotherms

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8
Q

What contributes to thermoregulation in both endotherms and Ectotherms

A

Social behavior

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9
Q

The adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature

A

Thermogenesis

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10
Q

What is increased by muscle activity such as moving or __________

A

Thermogenesis; shivering

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11
Q

______________ thermogenesis takes place when hormones cause ___________ to increase their metabolic activity

A

Nonshivering; mitochondria

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12
Q

Some mammals have a tissue called __________ ______ that is specialized for rapid heat production

A

Brown fat

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13
Q

Found in the infants of many mammals and in adult mammals that hibernate

A

Brown fat

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14
Q

_______ and ___________ can adjust their insulation to acclimatize to seasonal temperature changes

A

Birds; mammals

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15
Q

_______ composition of cell membranes may change with temperature

A

Lipid

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16
Q

When temperatures are subzero, some ___________ produce “_________” compounds the prevent ice formation in their cells

A

Ectotherms; antifreeze

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17
Q

In mammals, the sensors responsible for thermoregulation are concentrated in a region of the brain called the

A

Hypothalamus

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18
Q

Triggers heat loss or heat-generating mechanisms

A

Hypothalamus

19
Q

Energy requirements are related to animal ______, __________, and _____________

A

Size
Activity
Environment

20
Q

Is the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal

A

Bioenergetics

21
Q

Determines the animal’s nutritional needs

A

Bioenergetics

22
Q

Plants; harness light energy to build energy rich molecules

A

Autotrophs

23
Q

Animals; harvest chemical energy from food

A

Heterotrophs

24
Q

Powers cellular work

A

ATP

25
Q

Body growth and repair
Synthesis materials such as fat
Production of gametes

A

Biosynthesis

26
Q

The sum of all the energy an animal uses in a unit of time

A

Metabolic rate

27
Q

Metabolic rate can be determined by: an animal’s _______ loss

A

Heat

28
Q

Metabolic rate can be determined by: the amount of _________ consumed or _________ __________ produced

A

Oxygen; carbon dioxide

29
Q

Metabolic rate can be determined by: measuring energy content of _______ consumed and _______ lost in waste products

A

Food; energy

30
Q

What is the metabolic rate of an ___________ at rest, with an empty stomach, and not experiencing stress

A

Basal metabolic rate (BMR); endotherm

31
Q

What is the metabolic rate of a fasting, non-stressed __________ at rest at a specific temperature

A

Standard metabolic rate (SMR); Ectotherm

32
Q

Have much lower metabolic rates than endotherms of a comparable size

A

Ectotherms

33
Q

What are other facts that affect metabolic rates

A

Age
Sex
Size
Activity
Temperature
Nutrition

34
Q

Metabolic rate is roughly proportional to ________ _______ to the power of _______-_________

A

Body mass; three quarters

35
Q

Smaller animals have ________ metabolic rates per gram than larger animals

A

Higher

36
Q

As a body size __________, energy cost per gram of tissue _________ but a larger fraction of body tissue is needed for exchange, support, and locomotion

A

Increases; decrease

37
Q

What greatly affects metabolic rate for both endotherms and Ectotherms

A

Activity

38
Q

The maximum metabolic rate an animal can sustain is _________ related to the duration of the activity

A

Inversely

39
Q

BMR

A

Endotherms

40
Q

SMR

A

Ectotherms

41
Q

Is a physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism

A

Torpor

42
Q

Enables animals to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions

A

Torpor

43
Q

Is a long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity

A

Hibernation

44
Q

Summer torpor; enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water

A

Estivation

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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