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ZOO 201 (LAB) > The Animal Cell > Flashcards

The Animal Cell Flashcards

1
Q

eight (8) unifying themes common to all living organisms differentiating them from non-living things

A
  1. Living organisms are organized to a hierarchy
  2. Living things are made up of cell
  3. Living things acquire and use materials and energy.
  4. Living things grow and develop
  5. Living things respond to stimuli
  6. Living things maintain internal balance
  7. Living things are able to reproduce in which organisms are able to pass on biological information
  8. Living things adapt to its changing environment suited for their mode of existence
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2
Q

manifestations of life readily observable

A

stimulus response

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3
Q

manifestations of life hidden

A

conversion of light energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis

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4
Q

all characteristics of life are manifested by the _______

A

cell

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5
Q

it is the basic structure and function of all life forms

A

cell

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6
Q

all ______ and _________ life processes are carried out by the cell

A

biological and chemical

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7
Q

when was the cell formally regarded as the basic unit of life

A

1839

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8
Q

who proposed the cell theory

A

Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann

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9
Q

very basic way of classifying a cell is based on the presence or absence of the ______ and other __________ within the cell

A
  1. nucleus
  2. compartmentalized parts (organelles)
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10
Q

fourteen (14) subcellular structure of the cell

A
  1. cell membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. nucleus
  4. ribosomes
  5. mitochondria
  6. endoplasmic reticulum
  7. golgi complex
  8. lysosomes
  9. microbodies
  10. microtubules
  11. microfilaments
  12. centrioles
  13. vesicles
  14. vacuoles
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11
Q

a double membrane consisting of lipid bilayers with embedded proteins surrounding the cell

A

cell membrane

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12
Q

a viscous liquid that surrounds organelles

A

cytoplasm

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13
Q

it is usually located at the center of the cell; round-shaped

A

nucleus

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14
Q

small round organelles, either free or attached to endoplasmic reticulum

A

ribosomes

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15
Q

a sausage-shaped organelle with internal foldings and DNA of its own

A

mitochondria

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16
Q

folded film with or without ribosomes

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

cellular foldings located near production sites of the cell

A

golgi complex

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18
Q

small oval organelle filled with digestive juices

A

lysosomes

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19
Q

electron-dense cytoplasmic particles bound by a single membrane; self-replicating

A

microbodies

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20
Q

hollow tubes; wall consist of 13 columns of tubulin molecules

A

microtubules

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21
Q

two intertwined strands of actin

A

microfilaments

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22
Q

composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring

A

centrioles

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23
Q

small round membrane-bound organelles

A

vesicles

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24
Q

small to large cellular sacs

A

vacuoles

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25
Q

stores food, water, wastes and other by-products of the cell

A

vacuoles

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26
Q

transport materials to where they are needed

A

vesicles

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27
Q

help organize microtubule assembly;

important in cellular division

A

centrioles

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28
Q

maintains cell shape, cytoplasmic streaming and cellular motility (pseudopodia)

A

microfilaments

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29
Q

maintains cell shape, for cell motility (in cilia and flagella) and movement of chromosome in cell division

A

microtubules

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30
Q

where conversion of fatty acids to sugar takes place

A

microbodies

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31
Q

digests materials and, in extreme case, is the suicidal bag of the cell

A

lysosomes

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32
Q

packages newly synthesized proteins for distribution out of the cell

A

golgi complex

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33
Q

assists with the production and transport of proteins

A

endoplasmic reticulum

34
Q

generate most of the cell’s energy in the form of ATP

A

mitochondria

35
Q

production centers that make proteins using DNA

A

ribosomes

36
Q

control center of the cell, directing all activities within the cellular system

A

nucleus

37
Q

site for important chemical reactions

A

cytoplasm

38
Q

maintains homeostasis, regulates entry and exit of materials in and out of the cell

A

cell membrane

39
Q

unique characteristics of animal cells as compared to plant and bacterial cells

A
  1. Centrioles are only found among animals
  2. Plants and fungi have additional cell walls either made of cellulose or chitin, respectively
  3. Cells of animals do not have plastids and chloroplasts (since they are heterotrophs)
  4. Cells of higher animals may be generally grouped into the: somatic cells and reproductive cells.
40
Q

contain diploid number of chromosomes (2n)

A

somatic cells

41
Q

contain haploid number of chromosomes (n) of the given species

A

reproductive cells

42
Q

general pattern where the transition of the cell from its normal state of cellular metabolism and growth to the point of cellular division is seen

A

cell cycle

43
Q

two (2) basic phases of the cell cycle:

A
  1. Interphase
  2. M phase
44
Q

three (3) subdivisions of the interphase

A
  1. G1
  2. S
  3. G2
45
Q

part of the cell cycle that consumes about 90% of the entire life span of a cell;

where cells grow and develop, readying themselves for potential cellular division

A

interphase

46
Q

in this quarter, the cell increasing in size and develop needed organelles and proteins

A

gap 1 or G1

47
Q

when the cell achieves the correct size, it proceeds to replicating its DNA in the _____ stage, along with the proteins associated with the DNA molecule

A

synthesis or S phase

48
Q

the cell continues to produce the needed chemicals and further grows into a candidate for _____ phase

A

M phase

49
Q

a programmed cell death that is triggered if the cell still falls short of required size at the end of repeated trials

A

apoptosis

50
Q

importance of the system of checks

A
  1. regulates proper cellular function
  2. avoid the division of defective cells
51
Q

during this phase, the cell is ready to divide

A

M phase

52
Q

during M phase, somatic cells will undergo ______ while reproductive cells will undergo _______

A
  1. mitosis
  2. meiosis
53
Q

primary goal of mitosis

A

growth and development

54
Q

four (4) substages within mitosis:

A
  1. prophase
  2. metaphase
  3. anaphase
  4. telophase
55
Q

state the sub-stage

  1. appearance of the chromosomes shortening and thickening
  2. nuclear envelope begins to disintegrate
  3. nucleolus disappears
  4. chromosomes are no longer enveloped within the nucleus
  5. mitotic spindle fibers are then formed from the two centrioles migrating to opposite poles of the cell
  6. chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers via their kinetochores
A

prophase

56
Q

state the sub-stage

chromosomes are guided by the mitotic spindle fibers towards the cellular equator

A

metaphase

57
Q

state the sub-stage:

  1. chromosomes split at the centromere
  2. each chromosomes, now called chromatids, are pulled apart by mitotic spindle fibers in opposite directions
A

anaphase

58
Q

state the sub-stage:

  1. chromatids are enclosed in new nuclear membranes on either side of the cell
  2. cytoplasm is divided into two in a process called cytokinesis leading to the formation of two daughter cells
  3. all other organelles are replicated and distributed to each of them
A

telophase

59
Q

does resulting daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the mother cell?

A

yes

60
Q

defective mitotic division may result to _____

A

diseases such as tumor and cancer

61
Q

this disease is characterized by rapid mitotic division

A
62
Q

what does the process of mitosis ensure?

A

the process of mitosis ensures that the chromosome number is maintained in each of the daughter cells produced

63
Q

goal of meiosis

A

to produce reproductive cells with half the number of the characteristic chromosomes of a given species called the haploid number (n)

64
Q

two (2) divisions of meiosis

A
  1. reductional division
  2. equational division
65
Q

this meiotic division reduces the number of chromosomes into half

A

reductional division

66
Q

meiotic division that doubles the number of daughter cells into four

A

equational division

67
Q

unique feature of meiosis

A

crossing over

68
Q

during this meiotic event, chromosomes exchange genetic materials resulting to new combinations of alleles on a chromosome

A

crossing over

69
Q

process of meiotic division in the reductional phase

A
  1. prophase I - leptotene, zygotene, pacyhtene, diplotene, diakinesis
  2. metaphase I
  3. anaphase I
  4. telophase I
70
Q

percentage of time spent during prophase I

A

90%

71
Q

important events in prophase I during the reductional phase

A
  1. leptotene
  2. zygotene
  3. pacyhtene
  4. diplotene
  5. diakinesis
72
Q

chromosomes now move to the equator

A

metaphase I

73
Q

bivalent chromosomes disjoin and each of them migrates randomly to opposite poles of the cell;

stage at which random and independent assortment of paternal and maternal chromosomes occur

A

anaphase I

74
Q

chromosomes are assembled at the opposite poles as the cytoplasm undergoes cytokinesis;

each daughter cell has the haploid number of chromosomes

A

telophase I

75
Q

important event in the reductional phase in which:

  1. chromosomes condense, thicken and begin to coil up and become visible
  2. alternating thick areas called chromosomes begin to appear on each chromosome
A

leptotene

76
Q

important event in the reductional phase in which:

chromosomes have located their homologs and have paired up to form bivalents

A

zygotene

77
Q

important event in the reductional phase in which:

  1. chromosomes are much thicker and chromatids are now in fours called tetrads;
  2. non-sister chromatids have exchanged genetic materials in a process called synapsis
A

pacyhtene

78
Q

important event in the reductional phase in which:

  1. paired chromosomes begin to disengage and move apart;
  2. the side of genetic exchange called the chiasmata move apart
A

diplotene

79
Q

important event in the reductional phase in which:

chromosomes move apart in preparation for metaphase

A

diakinesis

80
Q

this phase ensues right after telophase I

A

meiosis II

81
Q

_______ among males produce four viable sperms at the end of meiosis II

A

spermatogenesis

82
Q

______ in females produce one viable egg cell, quipped with all cellular investments, and three other polar bodies which will eventually be re-absorbed

A

oogenesis

ZOO 201 (LAB) (14 decks)

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