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Nutrition > EXAM 2: Nitrogen > Flashcards

EXAM 2: Nitrogen Flashcards

1
Q

aWhat does crude mean in crude protein

A

The word “crude” refers to the fact that not all nitrogen in most feed is exclusively in the form of protein.

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2
Q

what two ways can protein be studied/measured

A

quantitative perspective
qualitative perspective (profile of AA’s)

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3
Q

proteins serve as

A

structural elements of body
enzymes
hormones
carriers in blood
associated with genes
antibodies

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4
Q

proteins are comprised of _______% of dry, fat free body

A

80

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5
Q

about what percent of protein is in meats across species

A

18

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6
Q

Proteins contain C,H, and O. All proteins also contain___?

A

Nitrogen

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7
Q

Proteins contain C,H, and O. Almost all proteins also contain _____?

A

Sulfur

from the amino acids: cysteine and methionine

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8
Q

The average Nitrogen content taken is ______ for estimating the protein content of tissues and feedstuffs

A

16%

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9
Q

yield only amino acids or their derivatives on hydrolysis

examples: albumins, globulins, histones, protamines

A

simple proteins

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10
Q

simple proteins combined with a nonprotein radical

A

conjugated proteins

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11
Q

one or more protien molecules with nucleic acids

high in terms of seeds and glandular tissue and liver

ex. RNA

A

nucleoproteins

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12
Q

protein molecule and a substance(s) containing a carbohydrate group

ex. mucin in saliva

A

glycoproteins

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13
Q

protein molecule and a P-containing substance other than a nucleic acid or lecithin

ex. casein

A

phosphorprotein

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14
Q

protien molecule and a metal

ex. hemoglobin

A

metalloprotein

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15
Q

protein molecule and a lipid
ex. cell membranes

A

lipoprotein

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16
Q

consist of altered and degraded products of naturally occurring proteins

produced by the action of heat, enzymes, or chemical agents

A

derived proteins

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17
Q

end product of protein digestion or hydrolysis

building blocks for body protein

A

amino acids

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18
Q

how many amino acids are present in proteins

A

25

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19
Q

1 amino group
1 carboxyl group

A

neutral amino acids

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20
Q

more carboxyl groups than amino groups

A

acidic amino acid

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21
Q

more amino acid group than carboxyl groups

A

basic amino acid

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22
Q

the two sulfur-containing amino acids

A

cysteine
methionine

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23
Q

what amino acids are Monoamino-dicarboxylic (acidic)

A

aspartic acid
glutamic acid

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24
Q

what amino acids are diamino-monocarboxylic (basic)

A

arginine
lysine
citrulline

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25
Q

Amino acids and proteins are amphoteric. What does this mean

A

can be acidic or basic

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26
Q

dipolar ions
electrically neutral

A

zwitterions

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27
Q

what happened in 1870-1900

A

the proposal that amino acids were probably the building blocks of proteins

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28
Q

What did W.C Rose do in 1930’s

A

supplied all of the nitrogen to the animal in the form of amino acids

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29
Q

amino acids that must be contained in the diet consumed

there is 10 of them

A

dietary essential amino acids

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30
Q

amino acids that can be synthesized by the body at the rate adequate for normal growth

A

nonessential amino acids

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31
Q

what are the 10 essential amino acids

A

MATT HILL VP
methionine
arginine
threonine
tryptophan
histidine
isoleucine
leucine
lysine
valine
phenylalanine

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32
Q

What amino acids are readily synthesized by animal tissues

A

glycine
alanine
serine
aspartic acid
glutamic acid
asparagine
glutamine
proline
hydroxyproline

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33
Q

cannot by synthesized at a rate rapid enough to meet the body needs

A

essential amino acids

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34
Q

what two animals require the 10 essential amino acids listed for growth

A

dogs
pigs

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35
Q

For maintenance man only needs ____ amino acids

A

8

don’t need arginine and histidine

36
Q

for growing humans they need ____ amino acids

A

10

37
Q

for poultry how many amino acids are needed

A

12

the 10 essential plus glycine and serine

38
Q

sparing effect

A

cysteine can meet half the requirement of methionine

tyrosine can meet half the requirement of phenylalanine

39
Q

plants can utilize _______ and can __________ for each AA

A

ammonia
fabricate the carbon structures

40
Q

Mammals lack the ability to

A

make approximately half of these carbon structures

41
Q

Two aspects of protein nutrition (supply) of concern:

A

qualitative phase
quantitative phase

42
Q

factors to consider when thinking protein quality

A

relative proportions of essential AA to meet animal needs

digestibility of these AA

rate of digestion

43
Q

when you run out of 1st limited amino acid what happens

A

protein synthesis stops

44
Q

feed conversion ratio

A

feed intake/ weight gain

45
Q

if feed intake/ weight gain increases, is it good or bad

A

bad

46
Q

feed efficiency

A

weight gain/feed intake

47
Q

if weight gain/feed intake (feed efficiency) increases, is it good or bad

A

good

48
Q

What are the two AA that is normally low

A

tryptophan
methionine

49
Q

performance trial (including muscle and fat, also GI fill)

A

growth trial

50
Q

measures how well the nitrogen absorbed is used
% of the actually digested N that is utilized

A

biological value

51
Q

if you increase protein, you do what to the diet

A

increase the diet-induced endogenous loss

52
Q

denaturation

A

modifying the molecular structure of a protein

protein losses biological function (active to inactive)

53
Q

What are the two types of amino acid transporter

A

sodium-dependent
sodium independent

54
Q

The process whereby an amino group (NH2) from an amino acid is transferred to a keto acid

A

transamination (aminotransfer)

55
Q

means for detoxifying NH3
occurs in the liver
requires energy
essentially irreversible

A

krebs urea cycle

56
Q

example of fairly poor quality

A

corn protein

57
Q

High roughage diets are not conducive to _____

A

good utilization of NPN

58
Q

what does NPN stand for

A

non-protein nitrogen

59
Q

problems presently associated with the use of NPN

A

urea toxicity
decreased palatability
reduced performance

60
Q

actually NH3 toxicity is due to the inability of the liver to conjugate to urea

A

urea toxicity

61
Q

what are the recommendations for use of urea

A

no more than 1% of urea in the diet
no more than 33% of total ration N as urea
no more than 50% of supplemental N as urea

62
Q

what are the two categories of Nitrogen sources

A

true protein
non-protein nitrogen

63
Q

What are some examples of non-protein nitrogen

A

peptides, amino acids
nucleic acids
added NPN

64
Q

when a plant is young, _____is high

A

NPN

65
Q

when a plant is mature, _____is high

A

protein-N

66
Q

how much of NH3 produced in the rumen is excreted in urine

A

10-15%

67
Q

Terms for protein that escapes degradation in the rumen are

A

bypass protein
undegraded protein
escape protien

68
Q

if the % of the undegraded portion is increased, then the availability of the protein directly to the animal is

A

increased

69
Q

what are the factors affecting the extent of degradation

A

chemical nature of protein
retention time in the rumen
particle size
rumen pH

70
Q

if heat treatment is increased, what happens to degradation

A

decreased

71
Q

Examples of heat treatments include

A

pellet
roasting
extrusion

72
Q

reasons to maximize microbial protein synthesis

A

increase amino acids in the small intestine
increase microbial growth, which increases fiber digestion

73
Q

factors affecting microbial protein synthesis

A

available energy
available nitrogen
other nutrients

74
Q

What allows ruminants to survive on very low-protein diets

A

nitrogen recycling

75
Q

as protein increases in the diet, nitrogen recycling does what

A

decreases

76
Q

forms of NPN

A

in feedstuffs
added (urea, NH3)

77
Q

All NPN must go through _____ to yield _______

A

NH3, microbial protein

78
Q

Factors that affect NPN utilization

A

nutrient balance of diet
frequency of feeding
the energy content of the diet
urea adaptation

79
Q

increase in frequency, does what to ability to use urea

A

increase

80
Q

Increase in energy density does what to urea utilization

A

increase

81
Q

symptoms from too much ammonia

A

develops rapidly
uneasiness, discomfort
frequent urination
slobbering, bloat
tetany

82
Q

_____ is an example of high quality, high soluble in the rumen

A

soybean meal

83
Q

Utilization is influenced by the

A

nature of the rumen microflora

84
Q

what is a prerequisite of maximal microbial growth from NPN

A

readily available energy source be present to provide the carbon skeleton

85
Q

most NPN sources release____ very rapidly

A

NH3

86
Q

if the carbon skeleton is not available, the NH3 is not utilized to make

A

amino acids

87
Q

aromatic amino acids

A

phenylalanine
tyrosine
thyroxine

Nutrition (14 decks)

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