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Nutrition > EXAM 4: Water soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

EXAM 4: Water soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

most of these are cofactors in cellular energy metabolism

A

B-complex vitamins

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2
Q

general B-complex deficiency

A

loss of appetite
poor growth
emaciation
nerve-related disorders
dermatitis
anemia

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3
Q

name for vitamin B1

A

thiamine

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4
Q

B1 deficiency recognized by the chines in 2600 BC

A

beriberi

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5
Q

principle role of thiamine

A

part of coenzyme cocarboxylase (thiamin pyrophospate or TPP)
related to lipoic acid

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6
Q

TPP is the coenzyme for at least ___ enzyme systems

A

24

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7
Q

lipoic acid is an essential component of _________ system which is involved in __________ of keto acids

A

multienzymes
oxidative decarboxylation

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8
Q

pyruvic acid must be __________ then combined with coenzyme A to form _______________

A

decarboxylated
acetyl CoA

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9
Q

In the absence of thiamine, the process of of pyruvic acid turning into acetyl CoA does not proceed at a normal rate causing

A

pyruvic acid and lactic acid to accumulate in the blood and tissue

these are responsible for deficiency symptoms in metabolically active tissues like muscle and nerve

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10
Q

pyruvate+ coenzyme A+ NAD —pyruvic dehydrogenase–>

A

acetyl CoA
NADH
CO2

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11
Q

alpha ketoglutarate+Coenzyme A+ NAD–alpha keto dehyfrogenase–>

A

succinyl CoA
NADH
CO2

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12
Q

deficiency symptoms of thiamine

A

beriberi in man (wet or dry)
polyneuritis in birds
soft muscles
bradycardia
anorexia
stoppage gait
opisthotonos in sheep

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13
Q

polyneuritis in birds prepresents final stages of B1 deficiency and is a result of

A

accumulation of intermediates of CHO metabolism
a peripheral nerve degenertion

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14
Q

characterized as extensive damage to the nervous and cardio systems

A

beriberi

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15
Q

dry beriberi

A

severe muscle wasting

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16
Q

wet beriberi

A

edema

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17
Q

when you think of beriberi and polyneuritis what vitamin do you think about

A

thiamine (B1)

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18
Q

principle factors influencing B1 requirements are

A

carb intake
caloric intake

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19
Q

B1 deficiency in North America is seen in association with

A

chronic alcoholism

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20
Q

thiamine is readily destroyed by __ in the presence of ___

A

heat
moisture

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21
Q

thiamine is absorbed in the ______ carried to the ______ and phosphorylated to form __________

A

small intestine
liver
TTP

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22
Q

is thiamine stored?

A

no, therefore daily intake is essential
pigs are the exception

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23
Q

thiamine is metabolic essential for ___________. However the development of a ________________ bacterial synthesis of B1 is adequate

A

ruminants
functional rumen

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24
Q

bacterial synthesis in the cecum and large intestine have been demonstrated in what animal

A

horse

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25
Q

antivitamins of B1

A

pyrithiamin
thiaminase

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26
Q

pyrithiamin competed with _______ for incorporation into enzyme thus rendering the enzyme _______

A

thiamine
inactive

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27
Q

what causes chastek paralysis in foxes or bracken fern poisoning in horses

A

antagonistic action of thiaminase

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28
Q

sources of B1 (thiamine)

A

plants
yeast
molds

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29
Q

do pigs or cows have higher thiamine amounts

A

pigs

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30
Q

common name for B2

A

riboflavin

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31
Q

function of riboflavin

A

as 2 coenzymes in a large number of enzyme systems
FAD( 2 phosphate)
FMN (1phosphate)

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32
Q

FMN stands for

A

flavin mononucleotide (riboflavin 5 phosphate) (1 phosphate group)

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33
Q

FAD stands for

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide (2 phosphate groups)

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34
Q

flavin coenzymes are concerned with accepting and donating __________

A

H atoms

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35
Q

FAD functions with enzyme _________

A

succinic dehydrogenase

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36
Q

FAD is a constituent of what other enzymes

A

D-amino acid oxidase
glycine oxidase
xanthine oxidase

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37
Q

deficiency symptoms of riboflavin

A

decreased growth
alopecia
opaque cornea/cataracts
curled toe paralysis in chicks
low egg production/hatachability
skin and eye problems

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38
Q

what specific skin/eye problems are caused by riboflavin deficiency

A

cheilosis (inflammation and cracking of mouth area)
dermatitis
corneal vascularization

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39
Q

roughened skin and furrows around mouth

A

cheilosis

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40
Q

due to overactivity of sebaceous or oil glands
waxy around eyes, ear lobs, and mouth

A

dermatitis

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41
Q

due to increased blood vessels in the eye

A

corneal vascularization

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42
Q

how is riboflavin metabolized

A

phosphorylated in intestinal wall
carried by blood to cells of tissue where it occurs as
-phosphate
-flavoprotein

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43
Q

how are excessive intakes of riboflavin excreted

A

urine

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44
Q

is a ruminants synthesis of riboflavin adequate? horse?

A

ruminant= yes
horse=no

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45
Q

richest natural source of riboflavin

A

yeast
milk and leafy portions of plants are also good sources
eggs, liver, heart, kidney

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46
Q

how does riboflavin deficiency effect skin/hair

A

uneven,ragged fur
alopecia
disintegration of sebaceous gland cells/atrophy of epithelium
cleft palate

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47
Q

common name for vitamin B6

A

pyridoxine

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48
Q

pyridoxine was first defined by Gyorgy as part of the vitamin b complex responsible for the cure of ________

A

dermatitis (acrodynia)

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49
Q

two other forms of pyridoxine

A

pyridoxal phosphate
pyridoxamine phosphate

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50
Q

most active form of pyridoxine

A

pyridoxal phosphate

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51
Q

after absorption of pyridoxial, forms are phosphorylated where

A

in the liver

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52
Q

vitamin B6 mainly functions as ___________.In this form, it serves as a coenzyme in several enzyme systems concerned in _______________ metabolism

A

pyridoxal phosphate
protein/amino

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53
Q

Pyridoxine is necessary for the process of

A

transamination (process provides for the synthesis of nonessential amino acids)

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54
Q

pyridoxal phosphate is involved in _________ reactions, where it serves as a coenzyme which ____________ several amino acids.

**these are more abundant in microorganisms than animal tissues

A

decarboxylation
decarboxylates

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55
Q

B6 is involved in the synthesis of _______ from tyrptophan

A

niacin

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56
Q

in the absence of vitamin B6, instead of niacin being formed, the abnormal product ____________________ is formed and excreted in the _________

A

xanthurenic acid
urine

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57
Q

the level of xanthurenic acid in the urine has been used as am indicator of B6 in what animal

A

pig

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58
Q

vitamin B6 influences ____________and _____________ of amino acids

A

intestinal transport
tissue uptake

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59
Q

Intestinal absorption of amino acids is diminished in a vitamin B6 deficiency and is stimulated on the administration of ________________

A

pyridoxal phosphate

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60
Q

the level of xanthurenic acid in the urine has been used as an indicator of B6 in what animal

A

pig

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61
Q

antivitamins of Pyridoxine

A

desoxypyridoxine
isoniazid (used to treat tuberculosis)

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62
Q

deficiency of Pyridoxine

A

growth failure
dermatitis (acrodynia) in rats
urinary calculi in cattle
microcytic, hypochromic anemia
conclusions/epileptic seizures
suppressed appetite

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63
Q

Dermatitis of tails and ears, mouth, and paws accompanied by an edema

A

acrodynia

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64
Q

due to a defect in glycine metabolism
in cattle

A

urinary calculi

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65
Q

microcytic, hypochromic anemia results from

A

deficiency of Pyridoxine

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66
Q

sources of Pyridoxine

A

yeast
liver
muscle meat
milk

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67
Q

Nicotinamide is also called

A

niacin

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68
Q

in 1730 spain, ________ was recognized early

A

pellegra

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69
Q

goldberger and wheeler produced ________in dogs by feeding them a diet known to produce pellegra in humans

A

black tongue

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70
Q

3M’s and 3D’s

A

1)Meat
2) molasses
3) meal (corn)

1) dermatitis
2) diarrhea
3) dementia

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71
Q

warburg recognized the _________acid was a component of two coenzymes NAD and _______

A

nicotinic
NADP

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72
Q

elvehjem prevented black tongue in dogs by feeding _______

A

nicotinic acid

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73
Q

Niacin are resistant to heat, air, light and _________. Stable in

A

alkali
foods

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74
Q

man, dog, rat and pig metabolism of niacin leads to excretion of ________

A

methylated compounds

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75
Q

ruminants excrete nicotinic acid and ___________ unchanged

A

nicotinamide

76
Q

poultry conjugate 2 molecules of ________ with ornithine

A

nicotinamide

77
Q

in aminal tissues niacin is present as the ________ and _______ is to present in the tissues

A

pyridine nucleotides
free niacin

78
Q

nicotinamide functions as a component of two coenzymes:

A

NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)

79
Q

NAD and NADP function in biological oxidation-reduction systems via their ability to serve as _____________ agents

A

hydrogen transfer

80
Q

____ is specifc for hydrogenases concerned in the __________. In this cycle ________ serves as the electron accept in 3 of the 4 dehydrogenation steps

A

NAD
hydrogenases
NAD

81
Q

deficiency of niacin causes

A

black tounge in dogs
pellegra in man
casal’s necklace

82
Q

specific symptoms of black tongue in dogs

A

black colorization of the tongue
loss of appeite
diffuse inflammation of gums
tissues are necrotic and eroded
bloody diarrhea
GI mucosa becomes inflamed

83
Q

specific symptoms of pellegra in man

A

dermatitis particularly of skin exposed to light
nausea
inflammation of mucous membranes characterized by red tongue
physic changes including delirium and hallucinations

84
Q

term for the earliest observations with peasants
reddened area around the neck where the sunlight hits

A

casal’s necklace

85
Q

where does adequate synthesis of niacin occur

A

rumen

86
Q

only for young claves on a ____________ deficient diet has niacin deficiency been produced readily in ruminants

A

tryptophan

87
Q

what specific amino acid responsible in the antipellagric diet was

A

tryptophan

88
Q

corn is not only low in tryptophan but the niacin in corn is in a bound form ______________ to rats, pig, and poultry without ______ treatment

A

unavalible
alkali

89
Q

sources of niacin

A

widespread in feeds
animal and fish byproducts
DDG
yeast
alfalfa

90
Q

DeVries determine that __________ acid was a constituent of coenzyme A

A

pantothenic

91
Q

Lipmann reported that the coenzyme responsible for the active ________ of various metabolic processes contained ___________acid

A

acetylation
pantothenic

92
Q

Coenzyme A constains

A

pantothenic acid
adenosine 3 phospate
pyrophosphate
beta-mercaptoethylamine

93
Q

pantothenic acids exist in the tissues as

A

free pantothenic acid
coenzyme A referred to as bound form
pantothenyl phosphate
pantotheine phosphate

94
Q

functions of pantothenic acid

A

various acetylations
fatty acid,steroid , heme prophryin synthesis
acetylation of choline

95
Q

general deficiency of pantothenic acid

A

nervous disorder
dermatitis (poultry)
graying of black hair

96
Q

Metabolic deficiency of pantothenic acid

A

reduced pyruvate utilization
decreased cholesterol synthesis
altered energy conservation and CHO utilization
reduced antibody production
nerve involvment

97
Q

antimetabolites of pantothenic acid

A

pantoyltaurine
methylpantothenic acid

98
Q

sources of pantothenic acid

A

syntesized by green plants and some microbes
yeast, liver, eggs, alfalfa, molasses

99
Q

is pantothenic acid required by all species

A

yes
practical diet deficiency is rare

100
Q

Folic acid is also called

A

folacin

101
Q

animals born to riboflavin deficiency mother often experience a ______

A

cleft palate

102
Q

Willis in India observed __________ anemia in pregnant women whose diets consisted of white rice and bread. This anemia responded to _______ supplementation.

A

megaloblastic
dietary yeast

103
Q

mitchell isolated a compound from spinach and named it _________

A

folic acid

104
Q

although folic acid is designated as the vitamin, it is ________ acid which serves as the biological carrier for ____

A

tetrahydrofolic
C1

105
Q

functions of folic acid

A

transfer of one carbon unit
furnishes methyl groups for the formation of purines (DNA synthesis)
histidine degradation

106
Q

compound found in large amounts in the urine of folic acid deficient animals

A

formiminoglutamic acid

107
Q

antimetabolites of folic acid

A

folic acid deficiency is seldom produced by simple dietary deficiencies its due to intestinal synthesis

sulfa drugs will produce folic acid where they compete with paraminobenxoic acid (PABA)

to produce deficiency you have to add an antagonist

108
Q

deficiency symptoms of folic acid

A

pernicious anemia (Addisons anemia)
sprue
slow growth and poor feathering in chicks

109
Q

sore mouth
raw tongue
diarrhea/frothy fatty feces

A

sprue

110
Q

folic acid is effective in preventing the ____________ of pregnancy, infancy, and sprue. These are due to the failure of DNA synthesis

A

megaloblastic

111
Q

usually due to decreased absorption of vitamin b12 because of the lack of intrinsic factor

can also be a deficiency of folic acid

A

pernicious anemia

112
Q

in the case of man, ___________ is the complete therapy for the pernicious anemia, due to the stimulation of __________

A

folic acid
reticulocytes

113
Q

while folic acid is effective in treating the anemia of pernicious anemia, it will not prevent the _________symptoms of pernicious anemia; only ______is effective for that

A

nervous
B12

114
Q

sources of folic acid

A

green, leafy material
organ meat
animal by-products

115
Q

intestinal synthesis of folic acid is generally adequate except for what animal

A

poultry

116
Q

after work with chicks this was found to be present in cow manure, fish meal, fish solubles, liver, meat scraps

A

Animal Protein Factor

117
Q

_________is essential for growth and could replace the APF in diets in certain conditions

A

vitamin b12

118
Q

the only primary source of B12 in nature is from ______

A

microbes

119
Q

can animals or plants make B12

A

NO

120
Q

sources of B12

A

meats
eggs
cheese
milk
(ANIMAL ORIGIN)

121
Q

the B12 is produced by __________________ in the GI tract of nonruminants is not absorbed and is only available by ___________

A

microbial synthesis
coprophagy (feces eating)

122
Q

functions of B12

A

coenzyme
propionic metabolism rearrangment from methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
conversion of homocysteine to methionine
protein and purine synthesis

123
Q

deficiency of B12

A

pernicious anemia IN MAN

124
Q

pernicious anemia in man that results from a B12 deficiency is due to the failure of absorption of the vitamin at the _______________ level

A

gut tissue

125
Q

pernicious anemia doesn’t normally result from poor ingestion of B12 but due to insufficient secretion of an ________ by _________ cells

A

intrinsic factor
gastric mucosal

126
Q

pale smooth tongue with inflammation is a sign of

A

pernicious anemia

127
Q

pernicious anemia does not occur in ________ deficient animals

A

B12

128
Q

pernicious anemia in man is caused by

A

dietary deprivation of B12
impaired absorption
total gastrectomy

129
Q

B12 deficiency in rats and pigs is marked by

A

slow growth
nervousness
irritability

130
Q

in sheep and cattle, B12 is a __________ essential and dietary requirement until ________ functionality occurs

A

metabolic
rumen

131
Q

B12 deficiency can be arrested by feeding _______ orally but not by injection

A

cobalt

132
Q

THFA interconversion involved

A

glycine and serine
homocysteine and methionine

133
Q

Boas described ________ injury syndrome. Characterised by dermatitis, loss of hair, and muscular incoordination

A

egg white

134
Q

crystalline growth factor from dried egg yolk was termed

A

biotin

135
Q

chemical formula of biotin

A

C10H16O3N2S

136
Q

what can substitute for biotin in the nutrition of most biotin requiring species

A

oxybiotin

137
Q

biotin usually occurs in the bound form, one form is ______

A

biocytin

138
Q

a mammalian enzyme will cleave this bound form (biocytic) into equimolar amount of _______ and ______

A

biotin
lysine

139
Q

functions of biotin

A

prosthetic group for enzymes
fatty acid synthesis
propionate metabolism (especially ruminants)

140
Q

deficiency of biotin

A

dermatitis
alopecia
spectacled eye factor
problems in normal hoof growth

141
Q

Dermatitis caused by biotin deficiency is due to

A

overactivity of sebaceous glands

142
Q

loss of hair, especially around the eyes initially has been referred to as

A

spectacled eye factor

143
Q

deficiency symptoms of biotin has been produced in several species by feeding ______ or use of _____ free diets plus a sulfa drug to prevent intestinal synthesis

A

raw egg whites
biotin

144
Q

antagonists of biotin

A

avidin (protien in egg white)

145
Q

biotin is synthesized by _______ in substantial quantities

A

intestinal microflora

146
Q

biotin deficiency has been produced in ___,____,____ on a synthetic diet

A

poultry
monkey
calves

147
Q

sources of biotin

A

yeast
organ meat
seeds of plants
molasses

148
Q

is rumen synthesis of biotin enough for sheep and cattle

A

YES

149
Q

why does choline not really qualify as a vitamin

A

its a structural component of fat and nerve tissue

not known to participate in any enzyme system

150
Q

chemical formula of choline

A

C5H14NO+

151
Q

the protective effect of feeding raw pancreas could duplicate by feeding ______ to dogs. It was soon noticed the effective compound was _________

A

lecithin
choline

152
Q

functions of choline

A

part of acetylcholine (nerve transmission)
donor of methyl groups
constituent of lecithin an sphingomyelin
STRUCTURAL COMPONENT

153
Q

lecithin an sphingomyelin is found in abundance in the

A

myelin sheaths of nerves

154
Q

lecithin promotes mobilization of ____ from liver

A

fat

155
Q

deficiency of choline

A

perosis
fatty liver
hemorrhagic kidney

156
Q

slipped tendon in chicks
also a deficiency of Mn, glycin or arginine

A

perosis

157
Q

mobilization of fat from liver is somehow impaired and abnormal accumulations occur

A

fatty liver

158
Q

fats are routinely mobilized from the liver as lipoproteins containing

A

free fatty acids
fatty acids esterified to glycerol
fatty acids esterified to cholesterol
choline-containing phospholipids

159
Q

any material capable of contributing methyl groups for choline synthesis has the property of being _______

A

lipotropic

160
Q

capable of preventing or correcting fatty livers or choline deficiency

A

lipotropic

161
Q

hemorrhagic kidney is an example where a deficiency of ________ early in life may result in inadequate phospholipid necessary to build the cell structure of ______or their blood vessels

A

choline
kidneys

162
Q

source of choline

A

all naturally occurring fats contain some choline, thus all feeds which have a source of fat supply choline

163
Q

the dietary level of ______ will influence the choline needed

A

methionine

164
Q

phosphatidyl serine+ S-adenosylemthionine–B6–>

A

lecithin

165
Q

ascorbic acid is also known as

A

vitamin C

166
Q

_______was described by hippocrates
it was apparent on long sea voyages

A

scurvy

167
Q

oxidation of vitamin C

A

more stable in acid than alkaline medium
readily destroyed by cooking
its an antioxidant to prevent darkening

168
Q

two forms of vitamin C

A

ascorbic acid
dehydroascorbic acid

169
Q

functions of vitamin C

A

hydroxylation of proline
tyrosine metabolism
antihistamine properties

170
Q

hydroxyproline is a constituent of ______which is required for maintenance of intracellular materia

A

collagen

171
Q

collagen turnover is old animals is low or high

A

low

172
Q

if vitamin C deficient, the collagen molecule lacks the _____and _______ which are provided by the hydroxyl group

A

strength
rigidity

173
Q

A condition that can develop where ascorbic acid oxidase increase to remove excess ascorbate

then when the megadoses are discontinued the enzyme still metabolizes at high rate creating a deficiency

A

rebound scurvy

174
Q

vitamin C is a dietary essential only for

A

man
monkey
indian fruit bat
primates
guinea pig
certain fish (carp,rainbow trout, catfish, salmon)

175
Q

general symptoms of vitamin C deficency/scurvy

A

swollen, bleeding gums
losing teeth
weak bones
fragility of capillaries
wounds fail to heal
osteoblast dont produce normal osteoid
failure of dentine and enamel
rupture of capillaries

176
Q

organic matrix of bone
young bone that hasnt undergone calcification

A

osteoid

177
Q

if normal osteoid isnt produced, what does it lead to

A

normal ossification doesnt occur
bones are fragile
bone marrow can hemorrhage

178
Q

conversion of fibrous tissue or cartilage into bone

A

ossification

179
Q

factors that affect vitamin stability

A

time
heat
moisture
oxygen
prooxidants (metals)
pH
light

180
Q

what vitamins use biological assay

A

D, K, folic acid, B12

181
Q

what vitamins use microbiological assay

A

niacin, folic acid, B12

182
Q

name for B2

A

riboflavin

183
Q

name for B6

A

PYRIDOXINE

184
Q

Name fore B12

A

cobalamin

185
Q

importance of tryptophan

A

aromatic/essential amino acid
lease in quantity but most important (limiting amino acid)

186
Q

intrinsic factor is associated with what vitamin

A

B12

187
Q

functions of pyridoxine

A

coenzyme with protein/amino acid metabolism
transamination
decarboxylation
synthesis of niacin from tryptophan
influence uptake of AA’s

Nutrition (14 decks)

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