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Nutrition > EXAM 4: Fat soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

EXAM 4: Fat soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

why is vitamins the most difficult nutrient to define

A

very diverse functions and structure

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2
Q

organic substance required by animals in small amounts for normal metabolism

A

vitamin

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3
Q

Are vitamins synthesized within the body tissue at a rate adequate for normal metabolism

A

no

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4
Q

are vitamins organic or inorganic

A

organic

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5
Q

general facts about vitamins

A

component of natural food but distinct from CHO, fat, protein

present in small amounts

essential for development of normal tissue, good health, growth, maintenance

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6
Q

primarily required as _____ in nutrient metabolism

A

coenzymes

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7
Q

what did lunin find

A

diet of same composition of milk would not support the life in mice

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8
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A (retinol)
D (cholecalciferol)
E (alpha-tocopherol)
K (1,2,3)

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9
Q

water-soluble vitamins

A

B1(thiamin)
B2 (riboflavin)
B6 (pyriodxine)
B12 (cobalamine)
Pantothenic Acid
Niacin
Choline
Biotin
Folic acid
Vitamin C

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10
Q

without vitamins would the process glycolysis, krebs etc take place

A

no

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11
Q

funk coined the term _______

A

vitamine

after the amine fraction of rice hulls which prevented polyneuritis in birds

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12
Q

who isolated fat soluble substance from cod liver known as vitamin A

A

osborne
mendel

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13
Q

compounds that give rise to the vitamins

A

provitamins

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14
Q

compounds that inhibit vitamins in some manner

A

antivitamins

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15
Q

Inadequate supply that results in clinical signs/symptoms

A

deficiency

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16
Q

dietary level sufficient to prevent clinical signs/symptoms

growth is normal under ideal conditions

A

minimal supply

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17
Q

Meet all the needs for optimal growth and performance

A

optimal supply

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18
Q

meets all the metabolic needs under stressful conditions

A

specialized supply

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19
Q

causes of vitamin deficiency

A

inadequate level in the diet

problems with absorption

inability to synthesize sufficient quantities by the animal, therefore must be obtained from the diet

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20
Q

what is premix

A

can be mineral, vitamin, or both
contains all the animal needs in one mix

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21
Q

organic molecule required in the diet

A

vitamin

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22
Q

non-protien (inorganic ions) molecule required for enzyme function

A

cofactor

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23
Q

cofactor that is an organic molecule

A

coenzyme

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24
Q

A cofactor that is associated with an enzyme covalently or very tightly (essentially permanent)

A

prosthetic group

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25
Q

why are vitamin units used

A

used because different sources have different biological activities

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26
Q

formula for vitamin A

A

C20H30O

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27
Q

vitamin A is active as

A

alcohol
aldehyde
acetate
palmitate
acid

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28
Q

Retinoic acid (vitamin A) will not fulfuill requirements for______ and_______

A

visual purple
reproduction

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29
Q

most popular synthetic form of vitamin A

A

Vitmain A palmitate

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30
Q

vitamin A only occurs in _________

A

animals

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31
Q

form of vitamin A in plants

A

carotenoids

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32
Q

highest value of vitamin A is found in the ______

A

liver

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33
Q

What two things improve the absorption of vitamin A

A

bile salts
dietary fat

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34
Q

what two examples are high in vitamin A

A

fish liver oils
colostrum

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35
Q

functions of vitamin A

A

role in the visual purple cycle
maintenance of normal epithelium, bone, repro
nervous symptoms
blindness
normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure

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36
Q

normal epithelium is __________, if deficient in vitamin A its ________

A

columnar
squamous

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37
Q

how does vitamin A cause total blindness

A

pinch of optic nerve

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38
Q

vitamin A deficiency does what to cerebrospinal fluid pressure

A

increase

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39
Q

Vitamin A deficiency does what to reproduction

A

causes temporary sterility (it is reversible)

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40
Q

animals deficient in vitamin A have

A

reduced appetite
night blindness
xerophthalmia
runny eyes of cattle and sheep
tear glands dry in chickens
increased keratinization of the skin
testicular degeneration in males (reversible)

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41
Q

increased keratinization of skin leads to

A

increased respiratory problems
vaginal and repro tract problems

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42
Q

hypervitaminosis A

A

skin thickening
bone development problems
prolonged prothrombin (blood clotting) time
increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure
resorption of fetus
lowered plasma cholesterol in chicks

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43
Q

dry condition of eye and ulcerations

A

xerophthalmia

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44
Q

white fat species

A

sheep
rats
pigs
goats

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45
Q

carotene not absorbed into bloodstream
converted to vitamin A in intestinal wall

A

white fat

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46
Q

yellow fat species

A

cows
horses

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47
Q

carotene in plasma
carotene in feed is converted to vitamin A in intestinal wall
plasma may be stored in liver and fatty tissue

A

yellow fat

48
Q

storage site of vitamin A is the ___________, about _______% is found there

A

liver
70-93

49
Q

liver stores act as a ______ against subsequent dietary inadequacies

A

buffer

50
Q

which vitamin A isomer has the highest biopotency %

A

all-trans (100)

51
Q

which vitamin A isomer has the lowest biopotency %

A

11,13-di-cis (15)

52
Q

which form of alpha/beta/gamma carotene and cyrptoxanthin is higher biopotency
all trans or mono-cis?

A

all-trans

53
Q

what species has the highest beta-carotene

A

horse

54
Q

what species has the lowest beta-carotene

A

rat

55
Q

source of vitamin A

A

fish oil
egg yolk
liver
milk fat

56
Q

source of carotenes

A

high in green leafy plants

57
Q

________ and ______ of sun cause losses up to 80%

A

rain damage
oxidation

58
Q

highest percent of preserved for feeding was it what

A

wilted silage
dehydrated hay

59
Q

McCollum discovered that after destroying vitamin A content of cod liver oil by oxidation, it still possessed ability to cure_______

A

rickets

60
Q

other diseases associated with vitamin D

A

lupus
daytime sleepiness
depression
type 2 diabetes

61
Q

hypervitaminosis of vitamin D

A

hypercalcemia
calcium deposits in soft tissue, artery wall

62
Q

rich sources of vitamin D

A

egg yolks
liver
fish oils
legumes
leafy alfalfa

63
Q

are vitamin D2 and D3 effective for mammals

A

yes

64
Q

vitamin D3 is ______________ than D2 for chicks

A

more effective

65
Q

_________ cured rickets long before vitamin D was discovered

A

ultraviolet light exposure

66
Q

vitamin D deficiency in dairy cattle

A

milk fever which causes :
low Ca and P
lack of appetite
coma
struggle to stand

67
Q

vitamin D deficiency in chicks

A

thin shells on eggs
decreased hatchability
decreased egg production

68
Q

body has the ability to store vitamin D in the _______ but not as great as vitamin A

A

liver

69
Q

vitamin D deficiency

A

rickets
osteomalacia
pigeon breast

70
Q

softening of bones in the chest, bowing of chest

A

pigeon-breast

71
Q

vitamin D is thought of as a ____________

A

hormone

72
Q

the active form of vitamin D is made by ______ and then travels to other organs like ____________

A

kidney
bone and intestine

73
Q

______is required for normal calcification and varied with ________

A

vitamin D
amount of Ca and P
Ratio of Ca/P

74
Q

due to Vitamin D’s role in calcification, the highest requirements are for what

A

young and lactating animals
swine and poultry
wide Ca and P ratios

75
Q

two hormones involved with vitamin D

A

calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone

76
Q

lowers blood Ca levels
puts calcium back into the bone

A

calcitonin

77
Q

raises blood Ca
take Ca out of bone

A

parathyroid hormone

78
Q

main function of vitmain D

A

promotion of Ca and P absorption
synthesis of Ca-binding protein
increase permeability of mucosal cells to Ca and P

79
Q

when predominant provitamin reacts with sunlight on skin what forms

A

active cholecalciferol

80
Q

sure coined the name of

A

vitamin E

81
Q

what general idea did mattill and evans state

A

vitamins are needed as an essential dietary factor

82
Q

characteristics of vitamin E

A

fat-soluble
nonsaponifiable
heat stable

83
Q

_________is the easiest vitamin to oxidize

A

vitamin E

84
Q

most common form of vitamin E

A

alpha-tocopherol

85
Q

functions of vitamin E

A

natural antioxidant (saves vitamin A)
essential for reproduction is rat, pig, and poultry

86
Q

what happens to females that are vitamin E deficient

A

death
resorption of fetuses

87
Q

what happens to males that are vitamin E deficient

A

degenerative changes in testes
irreversible sterility

88
Q

many problems associated with _______________ on vitamin E deficient diets

A

muscular dystrophy

89
Q

what specific muscular dystrophy problems arise due to vitamin E deficient

A

stiff lamb disease is sheep
white muscle disease in calves
muscle weakness, paralysis
creatine excretion increases
heart damage in dairy cows

90
Q

what disease occurs when chickens/turkeys are vitamin E deficient

A

nutritional encephalomalacia (crazy chick disease)
exudative diathesis
gizzard erosion (turkey)

91
Q

Hemorrhagic disease of chicks prevented by vitamin E

A

exudative diathesis

92
Q

what functions closely related to selenium

A

vitamin E

93
Q

antioxidant properties of vitamin E

A

protects certain dietary constituents from oxidative destruction, such as carotene in intestine

in body, tissues prevents the formation of peroxides from the unsaturated fatty acid

94
Q

tocopherols

A

the alpha form most active
tocopherols resistant to heat but easily oxidized
rancid fats easily destroyed

95
Q

storage of vitamin E

A

body has capacity to store in the liver

96
Q

rats fed a diet deficient in vitamin E showed signs of what

A

emaciated
rough hair
paralyzed hind legs

97
Q

henrik dam of Denmark found what with chicks

A

chicks kept on ether extracted diet became anemic and developed subcutaneous and intramuscular hemorrhages

98
Q

what vitamin is concerned with blood coagulation

A

K

99
Q

in 1939, vitamin K1 was isolated from _____

A

plants

100
Q

K2 is isolated from _______

A

fishmeal

101
Q

The synthetic form and most active form of vitamin K

A

menadione

102
Q

sources of vitamin K

A

green, leafy material fresh or dry
liver, egg, fishmeal good animal sources

103
Q

function of vitamin K

A

formation of prothrombin and other plasma proteins in the liver needed for blood coagulation

104
Q

deficiency of vitamin K

A

extension of blood coagulation time
dicoumarol (rats bleed to death)

105
Q

what vitamin does ruminants synthesize in the rumen and intestines in adequate amounts

A

vitamin K

106
Q

_________and ___________ and other antibiotics aggravate borderline deficiency situations by increasing prothrombin time more

A

arsenicals
terramycin

107
Q

Attempts to study vitamin K status are plagued by

A

coprophagy (feces eating)

108
Q

Absorption in large intestines may be limited due to nature of

A

epithelial lining

109
Q

practical problem occurring due to antagonism between dicoumarol( occurs in spoiled sweet clover) and vitamin K

A

hemorrhagic sweet clover disease

110
Q

dicumarol does what to blood prothrombin by causing the liver to to discharge excess vitamin K

A

decreases

111
Q

biological activity test measures decrease in _____________ on K deficient diets in chicks

A

clotting time

112
Q

problems or deficiencies associated with vitamin K

A

slower clot time
hemorrhagic sweet clover disease

113
Q

another name for Vitamin D

A

antirachitic factor

114
Q

another term for vitamin E

A

tocopherols

115
Q

another term for D2

A

ergosterol

116
Q

another term for D3

A

cholecalciferol

Nutrition (14 decks)

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