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Nutrition > Exam 3: Minerals > Flashcards

Exam 3: Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Minerals are ________ elements that are required for the maintenance of good health and production

A

INORGANIC

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2
Q

examples of macro minerals

A

Ca
P
Mg
Na
Cl
K
S

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3
Q

examples of micro minerals

A

Fe
Mn
Cu
I
Zn
Cr
Co
Se

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4
Q

what minerals are not normally supplemented in diets because levels in feed ingredients are sufficient

A

Mg and S

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5
Q

what minerals are considered electrolytes

A

Na
Cl
K

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6
Q

Are minerals the only class of nutrients that are inorganic, yes or no

A

yes

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7
Q

functions of mineral elements

A

structure
cofactors for enzymes
constituents of essential components in body
constituents of body fluids

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8
Q

structural mineral element examples

A

teeth and bone

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9
Q

charge on metal ions can aid enzymes

A

cofactors

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10
Q

examples of constituents of essential components in body

A

IRON in hemoglobin
IODINE in thyroxine
COBALT in vitamin B12
SULFUR in methionine and biotin
MOLYBDENUM in xanthin oxidase

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11
Q

difference between coenzyme and prosthetic group

A

coenzyme: non-permanent relationship, organic non-protein compound

prosthetic group: permanent relationship of enzyme and nonprotein organic compound (vitamin)

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12
Q

examples of constituents of body fluids (blood, interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid)

A

transmission of nerve impulses
maintain normal blood pH by acting as buffers
maintain osmotic pressure

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13
Q

all animals are subjected to mineral deficiencies which may be caused by

A

suboptimal amount of feed

imbalance of another mineral which decreases the absorption

any condition which increases the rate of passage of elements through the gut or body (diarrhea)

a metabolic antagonist which causes the animal to require more dietary mineral to overcome

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14
Q

Excretion routes vary (list possible routes)

A

almost entirely feces
some urine (electrolytes)
some both routes
some lost in sweat (like Na)
Iron (Fe) may be lost due to blood loss

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15
Q

Iron (Fe) may be lost due to blood loss. What are some examples where blood is lost

A

wound
disease
menstrual cycles

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16
Q

many minerals are involved in the process called

A

chelation

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17
Q

A chelating agent binds to a mineral to varying degrees and general has the effect of isolating the mineral from interactions with other compounds

mineral attaches to poison/metal and drags it out of the body

A

chelation

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18
Q

nutritional significance of chelation

A

may bind trace elements in the diet and release them at sites where they’re needed

prevents other interactions during digestion

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19
Q

medical functions of chelation

A

remove certain isotopes or poisons from body to have them excreted
example: viruses/bacteria, lead toxicity

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20
Q

natural chelators

A

Hemoglobin to iron
vitamin b12 to Cobalt

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21
Q

synthetic chelators

A

EDTA

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22
Q

other than being a synthetic chelator, what function does EDTA have

A

acts as a anticoagulant bu sequestering ca++ ions for clotting

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23
Q

other than being a synthetic chelator, what function does EDTA have

A

acts as an anticoagulant by sequestering ca++ ions for clotting

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24
Q

in many respects _____________ are integrated in metabolism-compose over _______% of body minerals; are quantitatively the 2 most important

A

calcium and phosphorus
70%

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25
Q

adequate Ca and P nutrition depends on 3 factors

A

a sufficient supply of Ca and P
the suitable ratio between the two, 1:1 or 2:1
presence of vitamin D

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26
Q

Increase in vitamin D causes an increase in

A

utilization of Ca and P

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27
Q

___% of Ca and ___% of P are in bones and teeth (structural components)

A

99%
80%

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28
Q

Ca is necessary for _______________ mechanism along with vitamin D and K

A

blood clotting

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29
Q

what do Ca and P form that is extremely hard and difficult to solubilize

A

hydroxy apatite crystals

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30
Q

Ca++ interacts with other minerals to control and regulate

A

muscles and nerve reactions

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31
Q

Ca++ deficiency can lead to

A

tetany or continuous contraction

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32
Q

excess Ca++ can impair _______ function so that cardiac or respiratory _____ may result

A

muscle
failure

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33
Q

Calcium is an osmoregulator meaning

A

it helps regulate osmotic pressure of cellular fluids in the body

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34
Q

calcium helps maintain ___________ of the body fluids

A

acid-base equilibirum

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35
Q

pancreatic lipase, succinic dehydrogenase, ATPase are examples of

A

enzyme activators of calcium

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36
Q

calcium absorption occurs primarily in

A

proximal portion of the gut (upper section of midgut)

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37
Q

calcium absorption depends on

A

its solubility at point of contact with absorbing membranes

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38
Q

factors that help/contribute to Ca++ absorption

A

acid conditions help keep Ca in the solution
adequate vitamin D
low phytic acid
low oxalic acid
low P levels
estrogen
age

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39
Q

high phytic acid, does what to absorption

A

decreases

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40
Q

excess P or Ca levels can do what to absorption

A

decrease

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41
Q

Increase age does what to absorption

A

decrease

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42
Q

estrogen does what to absorption and storage of calcium

A

increase

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43
Q

route for undigested and unabsorbed Ca and P as well as endogenous Ca and P

A

Feces

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44
Q

is apparent digestibility useful for determining the usefulness of dietary Ca and P sources

A

NO

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45
Q

a decrease in serum calcium causes what

A

increase in parathyroid hormone
release Ca++ from bone

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46
Q

increase in serum calcium causes what

A

increase in calcitonin
decrease blood Ca

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47
Q

when serum Ca decreases the parathyroid (PTA)does what

A

Bones: increase osteoclast

Kidney: increase Ca in urine reabsorption

Intestine (midgut): increase rate of Ca absorption from diet (upregulate expression of callbridin)

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48
Q

types of bones cells

A

osteoclast

osteoblast

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49
Q

calcium deficiency leads to

A

reduced growth, especially in bone
hyper irritability
tetany
poor repro performance
rickets (young animals)

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50
Q

beading of ribs is caused by

A

calcium or phosphorus deficiency

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51
Q

rickets vs osteomalacia

A

Rickets: young animals; bones dont calcify properly, bones are weak and can fracture

Osteomalacia: adult bone; softening of bone due to decrease in mineral content
weakness, fractures, deformity

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52
Q

possible causes of osteomalacia

A

excess PTH
low blood Ca or P
pregnancy or lactation

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53
Q

______and ______ are most likely to be deficient in Ca++ due to their rapid growth and diets, lack exposure to sun (vitamin D)

A

pigs and poultry

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54
Q

grains and protein concentrates are lower in ____ that roughages

A

Ca

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55
Q

______% of ___ is in bone and is associated with Ca

A

80%
Phorphorus

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56
Q

most of P is found in

A

RBC

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57
Q

inorganic P is found in

A

plasma

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58
Q

_______ play an important role in maintaining phosphorus balance

A

kidneys

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59
Q

functions of phosphorus

A

bone formation

enzyme or coenzyme

phosphorylation

electron and H transfers

constituent of ATP

constituent of nucleoproteins, DNA, RNA, phospholipids

60
Q

Active absorption of P primarily occurs in

A

distal duodenum

61
Q

what form is phosphorus mainly absorbed

A

as free phosphate

62
Q

conditions favoring the absorption of P

A

presence of potassium
normal levels of Ca, Fe,Mg, and some trace minerals
vitamin D
acid medium
low phytic acid

63
Q

Phosphorus deficiency leads to

A

decreased growth
decreased bone growth
rickets or osteomalacia
pica

64
Q

occurs in grazing animals
fragile bones
lameness
low fertility
chewing on bones or wood

A

pica
(aka depraved appetite)

65
Q

animals weakened by _____ deficiency may contract diseases and infection easier

A

P

66
Q

interaction of Ca, P, and Vitamin D to rickets

A

In young confined calves and suckling animals, the problem is usually due to a lack of vitamin D

Poultry and swine: Ca or vitamin D

due to P deficiency in ruminants

67
Q

____ is probably the most important mineral in ruminants (except salt) especially in pregnant animals

A

Phosphorus

68
Q

Magnesium is the _____ most important

A

third

69
Q

sources of magnesium

A

grasses: alfalfa, animal protein suppl, MgO (40%) and grains (low in Mg)

half of body Mg in bone, found in cells (liver, skeletal muscle)

most blood Mg in RBC

70
Q

functions of magnesium

A

bone
oxidative phosphorylation
enzyme activator
co-factor in phosphate transfer
chelates with phytate to form insoluble Mg-phytate salt
helps decrease nerve irritability

71
Q

How is magnesium absorbed

A

passively mostly from ileum

72
Q

Deficiency in magnesium can cause

A

-hyper irritability
-muscular twitching
-weak/crooked legs
-tetany (grass tetany)
-mitochondrial swelling
-reduced enzyme activity
-calcification and necrosis of the kidney
-death
-low blood Mg
-vasodilation

73
Q

decrease acetylecholine
drop in blood pressure
stop heart in diastole
interferes with Ca and P

A

magnesium toxicity can cause

74
Q

about ____% of magnesium supply is in the skeleton

A

70

75
Q

the remaining 30% of magnesium is distributed in

A

body fluids and tissues

76
Q

about ___ of the skeletal Mg an be mobilized to the _____ in case of reduced dietary supply

A

1/3
blood

77
Q

where is magnesium absorbed

A

small intestine (ileum)
rumen of ruminants

78
Q

high NH3 levels may do what to absorption

A

decrease it

79
Q

high N in blood does what to urinary Mg excretion

A

increase

80
Q

high K does what to absorption

A

decrease

81
Q

a common occurrence in cows and ewes turned on lush pasture in spring

A

grass tetany (hypomagnesemia)

82
Q

grass tetany is characterized by

A

low Mg in blood
nervousness
loss of appetite
trembling
conculstions
coma
death

83
Q

stepping syndrome, unthriftiness, and conclusive seizure are possible symptoms of

A

magnesium deficiency

84
Q

the body contains about _______ % of sulfur

A

1.5

85
Q

most sulfur is bound _______ in protien in the sulfur-containing amino acids

A

organically

86
Q

wool is around ___% sulfur

A

4

87
Q

of the total sulfur in blood most is present in

A

free amino acids (cys and met)
the plasma proteins

88
Q

of the total sulfur in blood, a small amount is present as the inorganic ________ion

A

sulfate

89
Q

of the total sulfur in blood, another portion is present in various organic compounds like

A

insulin
glutathione

90
Q

insulin

A

hormone regulating blood sugar

91
Q

glutathione

A

reducing agent in metabolism

92
Q

what vitamins is S present in

A

thiamine and biotin

93
Q

from the sulfur present in the body, it can be seen that sulfur nutrition is primarily a matter of _____________ nutrition

A

amino acid

94
Q

sulfur is normally absorbed in the organic form as the amino acids ________ and ___________

A

cysteine
methionine

95
Q

Absorption of sulfur mainly takes place in

A

small intestine

96
Q

sulfur is excreted in

A

feces and urine

97
Q

What sulfur is in urine

A

inorganic
ethereal sulfur
neutral sulfur

98
Q

What sulfur is in feces

A

organic

99
Q

do we supplement rations with sulfur, yes or no

A

generally no

100
Q

in using NPN (like urea) in ruminants, additional sulfur may prove beneficial for

A

microbial synthesis of S containing amino acids

101
Q

do we have to consider S when feeding natural protein to ruminants, yes or no

A

NO

102
Q

sodium, potassium, and chlorine occur primarily in

A

body fluids
soft tissues

103
Q

main functions of electrolytes

A

maintain osmotic pressure
acid-base balance in the blood
water metabolism

104
Q

is it normally a problem to have an insufficient amount of electrolytes

A

no

105
Q

Electrolyte deficiency will cause

A

lack of appetite
weight loss and production
physiological/pathological

106
Q

are Na,K, and Cl stored

A

no they’re absorbed and excreted as needed

107
Q

body has ____% of Na, mostly in body ______

A

0.2
fluids

108
Q

Na is a primary cation of

A

extracellular fluid

109
Q

Where is Na commonly found

A

93% of blood serum
in muscles for contractions/nerve potentia

110
Q

where is Na absorbed

A

rapidly absorbed from small intestine
small amount from stomach

111
Q

how is Na excreted

A

mainly via kidneys
via skin by sweating

112
Q

functions of Na

A

regulate osmotic pressure
acid-base balance
muscle contraction

113
Q

sodium deficiency causes

A

decreased feed consumption
poor growth/production
emaciation or wasting away

114
Q

how much Na does an animal need in the diet

A

0.1-0.2%

115
Q

plants are routinley ___ in Na, so its common to supplement animal diets with salt

A

low

116
Q

the body contains __% of potassium

A

0.2

117
Q

K primarily occurs where in the body

A

intracellular fluid

118
Q

K is absorbed in the

A

small intestine

119
Q

how is K excreted

A

kidneys
sweat

120
Q

functions of K

A

osmotic pressure
acid-base balance
muscle contraction
enzyme cofactor (main difference from Na)

121
Q

Deficiency of K can cause

A

reduced growth
heart lesions
tubular degeneration of kidneys
muscular aches and weakness (pregnancy)

122
Q

what food are good sources of K

A

banana
orange

123
Q

how much Cl is in the body

A

0.1%

124
Q

where is Cl located in the body

A

inside and outside the cells

125
Q

functions of Cl

A

osmotic pressure
acid-base balance
initiates hydrolysis and lowers pH of stomach
activates proteolytic enzyme pepsinogen

126
Q

where is Cl absorbed

A

small intestine

127
Q

How is Cl excreted

A

kidney

128
Q

Toxicity of high salt intakes are ____ if adequate ___ is available. However this capacity can be exceeded and excess __________________ results

A

low
water
water retention/edema

129
Q

The requirements of electrolytes are considered together as

A

milliequivalents

130
Q

Na is the main ____cation

A

extracellular

131
Q

K is the main __________cation

A

intracellular

132
Q

Cl is an _______

A

anion

133
Q

deficiency symptoms of Cl include

A

diarrhea
vomiting
alkalosis

134
Q

roles of Ca and P in the body

A

Structure
Regulation

135
Q

what regulation roles do Ca and P participate in

A

blood clotting
neuromuscular activity
enzyme activator
osmoregulator
acid-base equilibrium

136
Q

is blood calcium readily influenced by diet intake

A

NO

137
Q

blood calcium is under ________________ to maintain at constant levels despite fluctuations

A

strict hormonal control

138
Q

examples of effects of changes in serum calcium include

A

milk fever
parturient paresis

139
Q

Blood calcium is low not due to low dietary intake but because of ___________ on Ca with onset _________ and the _______ response

A

excessive drain
lactation
parathyroid

140
Q

how is magnesium excreted

A

urine

141
Q

the main source of Na and Cl is

A

sodium chloride

142
Q

identify

A

Phytic acid

143
Q

identify

A

phytic acid

144
Q

identify

A

phytate

145
Q

identify

A

phytate

146
Q

identify

A

cysteine

146
Q

identify

A

methionine

Nutrition (14 decks)

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