12. Marcos Regime, Martial Law, and People Power Flashcards
1965-1986 (22 cards)
Explanation or story that is told in service of the dominant social group’s interests and ideologies.
> It usually achieves dominance through repetition, the apparent authority of the speaker, and the silencing of alternative accounts.
Dominant Narrative
Stories that detail the experiences and perspectives of those who are historically oppressed, excluded, or silenced in educational settings.
Counter-narrative
Re-interpretation of the past.
Historical Revisionism
Fabrication of evidence or forgery of documents.
Historical Distortion/Negationism
Describes the relationship of the second generation to powerful, often traumatic, experiences that preceded their births but that were nevertheless transmitted to them so deeply as to seem to constitute memories in their own right.
> the response of the second generation to the trauma of the first.
Post-memory
Marcos Myth 1: Marcos has the ___________ bar exam grade of ALL TIME.
highest
FALSE. He was the 1939 topnotcher (92.35), but there are others HIGHER THAN HIM.
Marcos’ rise to power.
a. He finished his _____________, cum laude and within the top ten of his class, in 1939.
b. In the WW2, he fought under the _________ of the USAFFE. He was taken by the Japanese as prisoner after FALL OF BATAAN.
c. He CLAIMED that he then led the guerilla unit ___________ in Northern Luzon.
d. According to available archival records, his rank upon dischard was a ___________.
a. law degree
b. 21st Infantry
c. Ang Maharlika
d. Major
Marcos Myth 2: Marcos’ Guerilla Unit and ____________.
The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) clarified that the medals were FAKE.
US War Medals
Marcos’ Political Rise to Power.
a. He ran for congress and served 3 consecutive terms as the __________________.
b. IN 1959, he ran for senate under the ____________.
c. When Macapagal became president, Marcos was selected ___________.
> Senator Jose “Pepe” Diokno implicated Macapagal in the ___________.
a. Representative of Ilocos Norte
b. Liberal Party
c. Senate President
> 1962 Stonehill Scandal
Marcos’ Political Rise to Power.
a. Marcos distanced himself from Macapagal during the issue and switched to the ____________ in 1965.
b. Capitalizing on the incumbent’s unpopularity, Marcos launched a successful ____________ and won the presidency after garnering
52% of the total votes.
a. Nacionalista Party
b. propaganda campaign
Marcos’ First Term
a. Characterized by increase __________, appointment of ____________ in government, and close relations with the __________.
b. TOOK CREDIT for country’s increased _______________ through the IRRI in UPLB.
c. Launched a infrastructure program financed by loans from ______________.
d. ^ part of the money used to fund Marcos’ ____________ in 1969.
a. public spending, UP technocrats, Philippine military
b. rice production
c. International Monetary Fund
d. re-election bid
Marcos Myth 3: Marcos established the _____________ (IRRI).
> False. The Ford and Rockefeller Foundations established IRRI (cold war politics; green revolution)
International Rice Rsearch Institute
Marcos’ Second Term “Rice, Roads, Schoolhouses”.
a. Due to the government spending in the campaign
period, the Philippines had a balance of payments crisis
(______________) during the first months of Marcos’ second term in 1969.
b. PH entered debt rescheduling plan with IMF which introduced ____________ to reduce spending. Peso was devaluated from 3.90 to 6.40 per dollar.
c. Due to strong typhoons -> sharp increase in price of commodities. The ___________ rose from 2 to 15% in ‘70, then *34%& in ‘74.
d. Erosion of real wages and detoriation of standard of living resuled in mass demonstrations (2):
a. economic crisis of 1969
b. tighter fiscal policies
c. inflation rat
d. First Quarter Storm (1970) & Diliman Commune (1971)
The Marcos regime is characterized by constant practice of building infrastructures funded through foreign loans/debt (e.g., International Monetary
Fund and World Bank)
Edifice Complex
The _________ is a record of the Marcos regime’s efforts to construct mythic notions of collectivity, nationality, progress, and monumentalism.
CCP Complex
Marcos Myth 4: Marcos built ____________ bridges.
FALSE, Only 19,738 bridges.
50,000
The Plaza Miranda bombing.
a. 1971 Liberal Party miting de avance at Plaza Miranda for midterm elections. ____________ wer thrown at the stage, killing NINE people.
b. Marcos blamed the ______________ (CPP) for the attack and released Proclamation No. 889.
c. ______ of the 8 candidates who won came from the opposition of the Marcos regime.
a. 3 HAND GRENADES
b. Communist Party of the Philippines
c. SEVEN
The Declaration of Martial Law.
a. The final justification for Martial law was the _____________. Event remains unclear due to Enrile’s changing narratives.
b. On Sept. 23, 1972, Marcos appeared on national television and announced _____________ which officially placed the entire Philippines under Martial Law.
c. Marcos seized privately-owned media and transport companies and public utilities such as _____________________.
d. Marcos ordered via Presidential Decree No. 86 that the ratification of the constitution be done thru ___________ assemblies.
e. Marcos declared the _____________ to be in effect which led to the official dissolution of the Congress.
a. ambush against Enrile
b. Proclamation No. 1081 (1972)
c. ABS-CBN, Meralco, PLDT, Philippine Airlines, and Philippine National Railways
d. barangay citizen
e. 1973 Philippines Constitution
> six of ten sitting justices sided with Marcos
“Constituional Authoritarianism”.
a. Marcos (1972-1979) issued a total of _______ presidential decrees and _______ letters of instruction.
b. 1978, Marcos called for an election to elect the members of the congress called ___________. He created a political party known as ________________ (KBL).
c.The jailed Aquino formed the ___________ to challenge the KBL in the said elections.
d. KBL won 137 of 165 seats. Congress was inaugurated and Marcos was proclaimed as the ___________.
a. 688; 283
b. Interim Batasang Pambansa; Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
c. Lakas ng bayan
d. Prime Minister
a. In Jan. 1981, Marcos lifted ____________ to produce positive image of the regime.
b. Marcos called for prsidential election and had a landslide victory to be 3RD TIME PRESIDENT, followed by inauguration of the _________________.
c. In Aug. 1983, after years of exile in the US, Aquino returned to the Philippines, but was ___________ on the tarmac of the _____________.
a. Martial Law
b. Fourth Philippine Republic
c. assasinated; Manila International Airport
People Power Revolution.
After Ninoy’s death, demonstrations became more frequent, particularly in Manila.
Ex. __________________, where student activist Fidel Nemenzo was shot.
Sep 1984 Welcome Rotonda Protests
On 22 Feb, prominent members of the military, like Enrile and Fidel Ramos withdrew their support for Marcos. This triggered the _____________ which led to the ouster of Marcos, who together with his family, fled to Hawaii on Feb. 26, 1986.
EDSA People Power Revolution
