8. US Imperialism, Military Regime, and Philippine-American War

Question 1

Beginning of American Imperialism.
a. Historical Antecedent: _____________
b. Staged battle between U.S. and Spain to HIDE SPAIN’S SURRENDER; marked the start of U.S. occupation.
c. Spain gave up the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million, formalizing colonial rule.

Answer 1

a. Spanish-American War (1898)
b. Mock Battle of Manila
c. Treaty of Paris

Question 2

U.S. Imperial Ideologies.
U.S. claimed to CIVILIZE Filipinos through education and governance (masking control).

Answer 2

Benevolent Assimilation

Question 3

U.S. Imperial Ideologies.
Racist belief that Americans must “uplift” non-white peoples (justified colonization).

Answer 3

White Man’s Burden

Question 4

U.S. Imperial Ideologies.
Patronizing term for Filipinos, implying U.S. paternalism (e.g., Taft’s policy).

Answer 4

Little Brown Brothers

Question 5

U.S. Imperial Ideologies.
Belief that U.S. was uniquely destined to spread democracy (used to justify imperialism).

Answer 5

American Exceptionalism

Question 6

A U.S. propaganda report (1904) highlighting American “progress” in the Philippines to JUSTFIY COLONIAL RULE.

Answer 6

What Has Been Done in The Philippines: A Record of Practical Accomplishments Under Civil Government

Question 7

President McKinley’s policy declaring U.S. rule over the Philippines as benevolent (claiming to educate and “civilize” Filipinos).

Answer 7

McKinley’s Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation

Declared: Dec. 21, 1898
Disseminated: Jan. 4, 1899

Question 8

Emilio Aguinaldo’s rejection of U.S. control, asserting Philippine independence and warning of resistance.

Answer 8

Aguinaldo’s Counter-Proclamation
(Jan. 5, 1899)

Question 9

American Military Regime (Aug. 1898 - Jul. 1901)
a. _____________ of the Philippines
b. Fought against _______________ (Aguinaldo)
c. __________________ exercised by the American military.

Answer 9

a. Pacification
b. Philippine Government
c. Executive, legislative (until Sept. 1900), and miltary powers

Question 10

Implementations of Early American Reforms:
a. Political Reform - ________________
b. Legal Reform - ________________
c. Judicial Reform - ___________
d. Soft-power strategy to gain Filipino support through Cayetano Arellano & T.H. Pardo de Tavera

Answer 10

a. Religious Liberty
b. Code of Civil and Criminal Procedure (CCCP); Law on Civil Marriage (LCM)
c. Audiencia Territorial de Manila (highest court in Spanish Philippines)
d. Policy of Attraction

Question 11

First U.S. military governor who orchestrated the Mock Battle of Manila to formalize Spain’s surrender.

Answer 11

Maj. Gen. Wesley Merritt

Question 12

Governor during the Philippine-American War’s outbreak who enforced McKinley’s “benevolent assimilation” policy.

Answer 12

Gen. Elwell S. Otis

Question 13

Implemented harsh military campaigns against FIlipino forces before the transition to civilian rule.

Answer 13

Lt. Gen. Arthur MacArthur Jr.

Question 14

Trigger: U.S. Private Willie W. Grayson shot a Filipino soldier on Feb. 4, 1899, sparking all-out war.

Answer 14

Beginning of Philippine-American War (Early Years)

note: no proper investigation > immediate escalation to full conflict.

Question 15

What is the American perspective on the Philippine-American War

Answer 15

“Philippine Insurrection”
vs PH’s “War of Resistance”

Question 16

Treaty between Brig. Gen. John C. Bates (USA) and Sultan Jamal ul-Kiram II (Sultanate of Sulu)

> Recognition of US sovereignty over Moro regions
Autonomy and protection of ^^^.

Answer 16

Bates-Kiram Treaty
(Aug. 20, 1899)

Question 17

Aim: study the Philippines and its people.

• Recommend policies and direction for colonial rule in the Philippines.

Answer 17

First Philippine Commission
(Jan. 1899)

Question 18

Aim: Policymaking body in preparation for civilian rule in the Philippines (Sept. 1900)

Answer 18

Second Philippine Commission
(Mar. 1900)

First Civil Governor: William H. Taft

Question 19

Philippine Government’s Movement and Response:
1. From ___________, towards _________ (Mar. 1899)
2. Shift to _____________ (Nov. 1899)
3. Battle of _________ (Dec. 1899)
4. __________’s capture (Mar. 1901)
5. ___________’s oath of allegiance (Apr. 1901)

Answer 19

1. Malolos, Bulacan; North Luzon
2. Guerilla warfare
3. Tirad Pass
4. Aguinaldo
5. Aguinaldo

Question 20

Philippine-American War: Continuing Resistance:

Luzon:
* Gen. Miguel Malvar in South Luzon (1902)
* Gen. Macario Sakay in Rizal (1906)
* Simeon Ola and 1,500 insurrectos in Alba (1902)
Visayas
* Gen. Vicente Lukban in Samar (1902)
Mindanao
* Lanao resistance (1902-1912)
* Cotabato resistance (1902-1912)
* Battle of Bud Dajo (1906)
* Battle of Bud Bagsak (1913)

Answer 20

JUST FACTS IDKKK

Question 21

Philippine-American War Result:
Destruction of _______, _______, and __________.

At least __________ deaths.

Answer 21

property, land, livestock
200,000 deaths