12.1- Avian Respiratory System

Question 1

The nostrils of which animal is located at the base of the beak; nares can be surrounded by feathers or may be tubular in structure

Answer 1

Chicken

Question 2

operculum (a cornified plate) projecting from dorsal border of nares in which animals?

Answer 2

Chicken and turkey

Question 3

Identify the bird in which the operculum is covered by a fleshy cere, with the left and right ceres often coalescing dorsally and being quite pronounced in many of its breeds.

Answer 3

Pigeon

Question 4

In which animals the nasal septum is perforated by a small opening at the level of the nares?

Answer 4

duck and goose

Question 5

► In contrast to mammals, they are arranged in a rostrocaudal, rather than dorsoventral, sequence
► Composed of rostral nasal concha (concha nasalis rostralis), middle nasal concha (concha nasalis media), caudal nasal concha (concha nasalis caudalis).

Answer 5

Nasal Conchae

Question 6

The nasal cavity communicates with a single paranasal sinus, the?

Answer 6

infraorbital sinus

Question 7

► presents as a conspicuous mound in the ventral oropharynx, caudal to the tongue

Answer 7

Larynx

Question 8

Larynx
► presents as a conspicuous mound in the ventral oropharynx, caudal to the tongue.
► Two rows of caudally directed conical ? line its caudal margin.

Answer 8

papillae pharyngeales

Question 9

Larynx
► presents as a conspicuous mound in the ventral oropharynx, caudal to the tongue.
► A longitudinally oriented slit-like called ?, is located in the midline of the laryngeal mound.

Answer 9

laryngeal opening, or glottis

Question 10

Two laryngeal muscles, called the ?, are responsible for opening and closing the glottis

Answer 10

m. dilatator and the m. constrictor glottidis

Question 11

Laryngeal cartilage shaped like a ‘sugar scoop’

Answer 11

cricoid cartilage

Question 12

Laryngeal cartilage that is paired; resembles a tuning fork with its tines directed caudally

Answer 12

arytenoid cartilage

Question 13

What is supported by a series of cartilaginous rings, except in pigeons, these tend to become ossified.

Answer 13

trachea

Question 14

tracheal rings (considerable variations among species) 120 in chicken; resemble a ?, with,the expanded portion alternately forming the left and right half of each subsequent ring

Answer 14

signet ring

Question 15

What band-like muscle extend along the length of the trachea?

Answer 15

tracheal muscles (mm. tracheales)

Question 16

► located at the level of the bifurcation of the trachea into the primary bronchi

Answer 16

Syrinx

Question 17

In the chicken, the last four tracheal rings are considered to be part of the?

Answer 17

syrinx

Question 18

During phonation, what function in a similar manner to the vocal folds of the mammalian larynx?

Answer 18

syrinx

Question 19

What syrinx muscles are present in song birds and absent in domestic poultry?

Answer 19

Syringeal muscles

Question 20

In males of various breeds of duck, the syrinx is profoundly modified by the presence of a dilated compartment, the bony ?, that extends from its lateral side.

Answer 20

syringeal bulla (bulla syringis)

Question 21

In males of various breeds of duck, the syrinx is profoundly modified by the presence of a dilated compartment, the bony syringeal bulla (bulla syringis), that extends from its lateral side. The bulla is divided into a large and a small cavity and is believed to act as a?

Answer 21

resonance chamber

Question 22

What occupies the dorsal position, on either side of the vertebral column?

Answer 22

left and right avian lungs

Question 23

► The left and right avian lungs occupy a dorsal position, on either side of the vertebral column.
► They are not lobed.
► The ribs are deeply embedded in the dorsomedial portion of the lungs, forming distinctive impressions (sulci costales) that separate the lung tissue into segments known as?

Answer 23

tori intercostales

Question 24

► referred to as first-order bronchi
► Walls contain incomplete C-shaped rings of cartilage
► lumen is surrounded by respiratory epithelium, underlain by elastic and collagen fibres, seromucous glands and lymphoreticular tissue
► smooth muscle of the primary bronchi is mostly circular
► An adventitia of loose connective tissue is present

Answer 24

Primary Bronchi

Question 25

The laterodorsal secondary bronchi sector is present in more highly developed birds and is thus termed the?

Answer 25

‘new lung’ or neopulmo

Question 26

The laterodorsal secondary bronci sector is present in more highly developed birds and is thus termed the ‘new lung’ or neopulmo. ► All birds have the remaining sectors, referred to as the?

Answer 26

‘old lung’ or paleopulmo

Question 27

► the functional units of the avian lung ► Interconnects the secondary bronchi; arranged in a parallel array of elongated tubules, hence it is called ‘air pipes’

Answer 27

Parabronchi, or third-order bronchi

Question 28

Parabronchi, or third-order bronchi walls contain chambers called?

Answer 28

atria

Question 29

► Intimately intermeshed with a dense network of blood capillaries, permitting gas exchange to take place across the blood–gas barrier

Answer 29

Air capillaries (pneumocapillares)

Question 30

► are thin-walled deformable cavities attached to the lungs ► They provide mechanical ventilation of the lungs by acting as a bellows ► By penetrating the bones, the air sacs also serve to pneumatise the skeleton

Answer 30

Air Sacs

Question 31

How many air sacs in the chicken?

Answer 31

eight air sacs

Question 32

air sacs communicate with the secondary bronchi except the abdominal air sacs, which are connected directly to what bronchi?

Answer 32

primary bronchi

Question 33

What air sacs consists of a median chamber lying over the oesophagus, and two elongated diverticulae that extend cranially into the vertebral canal and the transverse canal of the cervical vertebrae?

Answer 33

Cervical Air Sac

Question 34

► this air sacs is capacious and complex ► envelops the heart, the great vessels at the base of the heart and the syrinx, as well as penetrating the humerus and extends between the muscles of the pectoral girdle

Answer 34

Clavicular Air Sac

Question 35

► These air sacs are located between the horizontal and oblique septa. ► They have no diverticulae.

Answer 35

Cranial and caudal thoracic air sacs

Question 36

► project around the abdominal viscera ► Their volume far exceeds that of the other air sacs, with the right being larger than the left. ► Dorsally they lie against the kidneys, as well as the testes in the male. ► Diverticulae extend as far as the hip joint and penetrate the synsacrum and the ilium. ► These air sacs play a key role in the mechanical ventilation of the lungs.

Answer 36

abdominal air sacs