3 - Comparative Osteology Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
in growing bone is easily fractured
A
Physis
2
Q
What bone can be harvested surgically and moved to a fracture site to aid in repair?
A
Cancellous bone
3
Q
sources of cancellous bone are:
A
► 1. Tibial tuberosity,
► 2. Greater tubercle of humerus,
► 3. greater trochanter of femur,
► 4. wing of the ilium
4
Q
The Axial Skeleton consist of:
A
► Skull
► Vertebrae
► Sternum
► Rib
5
Q
What bone, excluding the hyoid bone and the mandible, is considered as being a long, four- sided pyramid?
A
skull
6
Q
The four-sided pyramid of skull has the following surfaces:
A
⚫ Dorsal
⚫ Two lateral
⚫ Ventral
7
Q
► Bone only in horse and cat; between two parietal bones rostral to the occipital bone;
► in other species, it is present in the fetus then fuse with surrounding bones before
A
Interparietal bone
8
Q
What bone forms the entire roof of the cranium in ox and pig?
A
Frontal bone
9
Q
splanchnic bone in the nose of pigs
A
Rostral bone
10
Q
This bone is complete in the horse and ruminants, incomplete in the carnivores but is completed by the orbital ligament
A
Bony orbit
11
Q
Bony orbit is complete in the horse and ruminants, incomplete in the carnivores but is completed by what ligament?
A
orbital ligament
12
Q
only in horses; the ridge on the lateral surface of the face
A
Facial crest
13
Q
Can be found in ruminants, the process on the lateral surface of the face
A
Facial tuberosity
14
Q
the process of the frontal bone of horned ruminants that is enclosed by the horn
A
Cornual process
15
Q
in ruminants, has been pushed to the lateral side of the skull by the frontal bone
A
Temporal fossa
16
Q
► in ruminants and pigs
► is the joining of the round and orbital foramina of other species
A
Foramen orbitorotundum
17
Q
What bones of the skull are large air spaces which communicate directly or indirectly with the nasal cavity?
A
paranasal sinuses
18
Q
What sinus is the largest among the sinuses in horses?
A
Maxillary sinus
19
Q
Maxillary sinus is the largest among the sinuses in horses. It is divided by an oblique septum into what 2 compartments?:
A
⚫ Rostral compartment
⚫ Caudal compartment
20
Q
Maxillary sinus is the largest among the sinuses in horses. It is divided by an?
A
oblique septum
21
Q
The maxillary sinus of Cattle has three openings:
A
⚫ Into lacrimal sinus
⚫ Into palatine sinus
⚫ Into middle nasal meatus
22
Q
What animal maxillary recess are between the area of the maxillary bones, not inside the maxillary bone?
A
Dogs
23
Q
This animal has two maxillary sinuses separated by a bony septum, the rostral maxillary sinus and the caudal maxillary sinus
A
Horse
24
Q
These animals have single maxillary sinus
A
Pig and ruminants
25
This bone is a paper thin caudal extent of the maxillary sinus in the ruminants
Lacrimal bulla
26
► this sinus is in the dorsal part of the skull, between the orbits in the horse, small ruminants and carnivores
► In the ox and pigs, it extends to the back of the skull
► in ruminants it has a number of diverticula besides the cornual diverticulum
Frontal sinus
27
This sinus is in horses, the joined frontal and dorsal conchal sinus
Conchofrontal sinus
28
Opening in the horse, the large opening between the caudal maxillary sinus and frontal sinus
Frontomaxillary opening
29
the direct continuation of the frontal sinus into the cornual process in horned ruminants
Cornual diverticulum
30
►This sinus is very large. It involves nearly all the frontal bone and a large part of the posterior wall of the cranium.
► It extends into the horn processes when these are present.
Frontal sinus
31
What is divided into one major and one to four minor compartments?
Cavity
32
the drilling of holes into the paranasal sinus
Trephination (trephine holes)
33
This animal all teeths but the last upper cheek teeth can be removed through the trephined holes in the maxillary sinuses
Horse
34
In what animal trephination of the four compartments in frontal sinus
Ox
35
of the frontal sinus is often opened in dehorning and thus a possible entrance for inflammation (sinusitis)
Cornual diverticulum
36
inflammation of the paranasal sinuses; trephination may be used to drain the infection
Sinusitis
37
What bone is situated between the vertical parts of the rami of the mandibles. It is attached on either side to the styloid process of the petrous temporal bone by rods of cartilage.
Hyoid bone
38
Hyoid bone supports the following structures:
⚫ Root of the tongue
⚫ Pharynx
⚫ Larynx
39
the rostral projection of the basihyoid bone into the tongue; carnivores lack such process but a horse has a long one and the ox a short on
Lingual process
40
Three pairs of cornua:
- thyroid cornua (thyrohyoids)
- small cornua (keratohyoids)
- great cornua (stylohyoids)
41
The vertebral column is subdivided into five regions:
► Cervical
► Thoracic
► Lumbar
► Sacral
► Caudal
42
The number of vertebrae in each region except what vertebrae? is more or less constant for each animal
Caudal Vertebrae
43
A typical vertebra is described as having:
► Body
► Arch
► Processes
44
Types of Processes:
► Articular
► Transverse
► Spinous
45
What vertebrae can be recognized by the fact that they are:-
► Massive and quadrangular,
► Longer than vertebrae in other regions,
Cervical vertebrae
46
What vertebrae have as regional characters:-
► Facet for articulation with the ribs,
► Long spinous processes.
Thoracic vertebrae
47
What vertebrae have as regional characters:-
⚫ Short bodies,
⚫ Expanded transverse processes.
Lumbar vertebrae
48
What vertebrae are fused to form a single bone. Generally the sacrum is described as having:-
⚫ Two surfaces,
⚫ Two borders,
⚫ A base,
⚫ An apex
Sacral vertebrae
49
In what animal the three foramina of atlas are present:
1. Intervertebral
2. Alar
3. Transverse
Horse
50
In what animal the alar foramen is a notch?
Dog
51
Transverse foramen in atlas of this animal is absent. The wings of this animal atlas project posteriorly.
Cattle/Sheep
52
Transverse foramen of this animal is positioned in the posterior border of wing(sacrum)?
Pig
53
Dens in this animals is typically tooth-like
Dogs
54
Dens in this animal is characteristically spout- shaped.
Cattle/ Sheep
55
Spinous process in this animals is bifid
Horse
56
High spine(spinous process) in this animal is directed posteriorly
Pig
57
What cervical vertebrae of horse has a trifid transverse process?
6th cervical
58
What cervical vertebrae can be recognized by the following features:
► Single transverse process,
► Absence of transverse foramen,
► Facet on either side of posterior body for head of 1st rib.
7th cervical
59
Caudal thoracics have an additional process called?
mammillary process
60
Last Thoracic vertebrae has no posterior?
costal facets
61
The thoracic vertebra with the most vertical oriented spine, usually the ?th in the dog
11th
62
A characteristic of Equidae is that the transverse processes of lumbars ? articulate with each other and sometimes fused with each other
4, 5 and 6
63
what are the unfused process in horse and carnivores sacrum?
Spinous process
64
fused sacral spinal process in ruminants
Median Sacral crest
65
What bone are described as having:-
► A shaft,
► Two extremities
Ribs
66
Two extremities of ribs:
► sternal and vertebral
67
The vertebral extremity of ribs presents the?
head, neck and tubercle
68
last pair of ribs in dogs only
Floating ribs
69
Part of a rib articulates with the body of vertebra of same serial number and that of the one in front
head
70
Part of a rib articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra of the same serial number.
tubercle
71
The ribs of this animal is narrow shaft, strongly curved in dorsal third
Horse
72
The ribs of this animal is wide, flat shaft, long neck.
Cattle/ Sheep
73
The ribs of this animal is narrow shaft, distinct angle
Pig
74
The ribs of this animal is cylindrical shaft
Dog
75
What rib is distinguished by the fact that it is the shortest and the end of the shaft widens greatly at the sternal extremity?
first rib
76
A common feature of the 1st rib is the?
scalene tubercle
77
The forelimb consists of four regions:
⚫ Shoulder,
⚫ Upper arm,
⚫ Forearm,
⚫ Manus
78
What is a flat bone forming the skeleton of the shoulder?
scapula
79
Spine of scapula in this animal fades out distally. Trapezius tubercle (spinal tuber/deltoid tubercle) present
Horse
80
Bone distinctly triangular(spine of scapula) in what animal? Spine sinuous, dividing lateral surface into unequal fossae.
Ox/sheep
81
In what animal the prominent trapezius tubercle in scapula overhanging infraspinous fossa?
Pig
82
Spine bisects lateral surface. Distinct acromion in what animal?
Dog
83
What part of scapula is absent in horse and pig?
Acromion
84
a bony enlargement of the scapular spine found in the horse and pig (poorly developed in the cat and ox)
Spinal tuber
85
a narrow band in the dog’s shoulder; broad thin structure in horse, ruminants and pigs
Scapular cartilage
86
in cat; caudal projection of acromion; distal end of spine can be called the acromion or hamate (L. hooked) process
Suprahamate process
87
What bone forms a joint with the scapula in birds and higher primates?
Clavicle
88
Clavicle
► Forms a joint with the scapula in birds and higher primates
► but in quadrupeds it is represented by ?, a connective tissue band within the brachiocephalicus muscle
clavicular tendon
89
The clavicle of this animal is a separate, non-articulating bone seen radiographically
Cat
90
The clavicle of this animal is rudimentary structure embedded in the brachiocephalic muscle, rarely seen radiographically
Dog
91
The clavicle of these animals are absent
Horse and ruminants
92
supraglenoid tubercle in the carnivores fuses by what month of age
8 months
93
supraglenoid tubercle and cranial glenoid cavity fuse is what year?
one year
94
dorsal border of scapula fuses at what years?
3 years
95
What bone in the cat can be mistaken for a bone in the esophagus on lateral radiographs?
Clavicle
96
What is a long bone forming the skeleton of the upper arm, or brachium?
humerus
97
Bicipital groove in humerus of what animal is divided by a ridge?
Horse
98
Massive lateral tuberosity in humerus of what animal overhangs bicipital groove?
Ox/sheep
99
Lateral tuberosity in humerus of what animal almost converts bicipital groove into foramen?
Pig
100
Single lateral tuberosity. Coronoid olecranon fossae communicate through supratrochlear foramen in what animal?
Dog
101
the hole between the olecranon and the radial fossa in humerus that are found in the dog and sometimes in the pig; nothing passes through it
Supratrochlear fossa
102
opening in the medial epicondyle of humerus that is present only in cat; the median nerve and brachial vessels pass through it
Supracondylar foramen
103
a prominence in the horse intertubercular groove in humerus
Intermediate tubercle
104
What tubercle of humerus are divided into cranial and caudal parts in ungulates
Greater tubercle
105
What are two long bones which together form the skeleton of the forearm?
Radius the ulna
106
In what animal the ulna is fused two- thirds of the way down shaft of the radius. Radius longer than ulna.
Horse
107
In what animal ulna complete. Projects distally beyond the radius as the styloid process. Ulna is longer
Ox
108
In what animal the ulna is not necessarily fused. Extremely slender. Ulna is longer.
Sheep
109
In what animal the ulna is massive and articulates with radius and ulnar carpal? Ulna is longer.
Pig
110
In what animal the ulna were never fused. Olecranon has trituberculate summit. Ulna is longer.
Dog
111
Radial tuberosity is (medial or lateral)?
Medial
112
Olecranon process is inclined (medially or laterally)?
Laterally
113
► fuses with the radius in the horse and ruminants
► therefore, these animals cannot supinate or pronate their forearm
► not fused in carnivores and pigs
► allowing pronation and supination
Ulna
114
► the distal epiphysis of the horse ulna is fused with the radius and in essence become a part of the radius
Styloid process of ulna
115
The skeleton of the manus consists of:
► Carpus,
► Metacarpus,
► Digits
116
The skeleton of the ? consists of:
► Carpus,
► Metacarpus,
► Digits.
Manus
117
In the domestic animals the basic carpal number is?
8
118
In the domestic animals the basic carpal number is 8. There are 1.? bones proximally and 2.? distally
1. 4 proximally
2. 4 distally
119
► The digital region is the terminal segment of the manus
Metacarpals and Digits
120
The mammalian manus is comprised of?
five digits each of which bears three phalanges
121
How many metacarpal bones does horse have?
3
122
What are the missing metacarpal bones in horses?
1st and 5th are missing
123
What is the functional carpal bone of horse? And what is it called?
3rd metacarpal, cannon bone
124
2nd and 4th metacarpal bones of horse are vestigial and termed as?
splint bones
125
The splints bones in metacarpal region usually end distally in small swelling that are called?
“buttons of the splint”
126
Only 3rd digit in horse are present with three phalanges:
► long pastern (proximal/1st)
► short pastern (middle/2nd)
► coffin bone (distal/3rd)
127
Sesamoid bones on the main weight bearing digit of horse:
► the (2)proximal sesamoid bone
► (1) distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone)
128
What are weight-bearing (functional) metacarpal bones in ox/sheep and fused termed as cannon bone as the horse.
Metacarpals 3 and 4
129
What metacarpal bone of sheep is vestigial?
5th
130
What metacarpal bone of ox/sheep are dewclaw?
2 and 5
131
What animal has 4 metacarpal bone?
Pig
132
What is the missing metacarpal bone in pig?
Mc 1
133
What metacarpal bone of pig are greatly reduced and don’t bear weight?
Mc II and V
134
What metacarpal bone of pig is the functional weight bearing metacarpals?
MC III and IV
135
The ox, sheep, and goat have two principal digits:
the 3rd and 4th
136
What digits in ox, sheep and goat are represented only by the small dewclaws at the back of the pastern.
2nd and 5th digits
137
What animal dewclaw are more fully developed as digits?
Pig
138
What animal has generalized pattern of 5 metacarpals?
Dog
139
What metacarpal bone of dog is much reduced and bears no weight, it is part of the dewclaw
Metacarpal 1
140
All metacarpal in dogs bears?
Digits
141
What digits of dogs has 3 phalanges and is the main weight-bearing digits?
D2-4
142
What digit of dog possesses only two phalanges?
D1
143
In carnivores, what digit and metacarpal bone are the dew claw?
the 1st digit and the 1st metacarpal bone
144
The hindlimb consists of four regions:
⚫ Hip
⚫ Thigh ,
⚫ Leg/crus,
⚫ Pes
145
What bone is termed the os coxae?
hip bone
146
What is the largest flat bone in the body?
os coxae
147
The os coxae is the largest flat bone in the body. It consists of three parts:
► Ilium
► Ischium
► Pubis
148
The term ? includes the os coxae of either side
pelvic girdle
149
The term bony pelvis includes:
► Pelvic girdle
► Sacrum
► Caudals 1 and 2
150
called hook in the ox
Tuber coxae
151
called pin bone in ox
Ischiatic tuberosity
152
In what animal the wing of ilium has gluteal line?
Horse
153
In what animal there are three (3) prominences on sciatic tuber. Obturator foramen wide and sharp medially. Pelvic symphysis has distinct ventral ridge.
Ox
154
In what animal there are three (3) prominences on sciatic tuber. Obturator foramen wide and sharp medially. Pelvic symphysis has distinct ventral ridge. In addition, long axes of ilium and ischium form nearly straight line.
Sheep
155
Wing of ilium in what animal are divided into two fossae by distinct gluteal line?
Pig
156
Wing of ilium in pig are divided into two fossae by?
distinct gluteal line
157
In what animal the wing of ilium distinctly concave?
Dog
158
Sexual differences in Pelvic Girdle:(Male or female)?
► Pubic floor concave,
► Pelvic outlet large,
► angle of inclination of inlet greater
► Obturator foramen bigger
► Conjugated foramen bigger
► Transverse foramen greater
Female
159
Sexual differences in Pelvic Girdle:(Male or female)?
► Pubic thick medially,
► Pubic floor convex,
► Pelvic outlet small.
Male
160
► the large prominence on the medial ridge of the patellar surface in the horse(femur);
► the patella locks over this structure when the stay apparatus is in use
Trochlear tubercle
161
What part of femur is absent in the ruminants
Third trochanter
162
What are the two small sesamoid bones in femur that are embedded in the heads of the gastrocnemius muscle of the carnivore
Fabellae
163
What shouldn’t be mistaken for a chip fracture in radiographs?
Sesamoid bone of the popliteal tendon in carnivore
164
in the horse and ox, what attaches the medial patellar ligament with the patella?
Patellar fibrocartilage
165
in what animals the tibia and fibula are not fused?
Carnivores and pig
166
In what animals the?
► head of fibula fuses to the tibia
► most of the body of the fibula fails to develop
► therefore the proximal and distal fibula are not connected and there is no interosseous space
► the distal end of the fibula (lateral malleolus) remains separate from the tibia
Ruminants
167
In what animals the?
► the fibula is a reduced bone that reaches only half way down the tibia
► the true distal end of the fibula (lateral malleolus) is fused with the tibia
Horse
168
Other name of tibial tarsal bone?
Talus
169
Other name of fibular tarsal bone
Calcaneus
170
What animal has 6 tarsal bones?
Horse
171
What animal has 5 tarsal bones?
Ruminants
172
What animal has 7 tarsal bones?
Pig/dog
173
What metatarsal bone in the carnivores is even more reduced than in the front limb and the 1st digit (dewclaw) is often absent?
1st MT
174
in what animals the 5th MT is absent?
Ruminants
175
Ruminants(metatarsal and digits)
► the 5th MT is absent
► a metatarsal sesamoid bone is present and is often called the?
small metatarsal or MT II
