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Anatomy > 28/29. Respiratory System > Flashcards

28/29. Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the thoracic wall made of

A

Ribs covering the lateral aspect
Sternum on the anterior aspect
Vertebrae on the posterior aspect
Two apertures

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2
Q

Two apertures of the thoracic wall

A

Superior thoracic aperture
Inferior thoracic aperture that is covered completely by the diaphragm, which assists in inhalation

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3
Q

Contents of the thoracic cavity

A

Pleural cavity contains the lungs
Mediastinum contains the heart and surrounding pericardium

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4
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A

Gas exchange, air conditioning, sound production, olfaction, and defense

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5
Q

Parts of the respiratory tract

A

Upper respiratory tract consisting of nasal cavity and pharynx
Lower respiratory tract consisting of larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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6
Q

Location and function of nasal vestibule:

A

Air enters nose through external nares (nostril)
Air then flows in the nasal vestibule (the hallway leading into the nasal cavity)
Vibrissae, sticky with mucus, collect foreign particles, antigens, pollen, etc

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7
Q

Epithelium found in nasal vestibule

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

What is the nasal septum made of

A

Articulation of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer bone

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9
Q

Where are nasal conchae found and how are they named

A

Named for position on lateral wall of nasal cavity (superior, middle, inferior)
Superior and middle conchae are part of ethmoid bone
Inferior conchae is a separate bone

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10
Q

Function of nasal conchae and meatuses

A

Nasal conchae protrude from lateral wall of the nasal cavity
Form spaces underneath called meatuses
Meatuses provide additional surface area through which air can flow
As air circulates through the conchae and meatuses it is warmed and humidified

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11
Q

4 Paranasal sinuses and their functions

A

Frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary
Lighten skull, tone voice, protect vital structures in head, and produce mucus to maintain moisture in the nasal cavity

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12
Q

Location of Superior meatus

A

Opening of sphenoidal and ethmoid sinus

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13
Q

Location of Middle meatus

A

Ethmoid air cells projecting into middle meatus
Semilunar hiatus formed from by the ethmoid bulla
Opening of maxillary and frontal sinus within the SL hiatus

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14
Q

Location of inferior meatus

A

Opening of the nasolacrimal duct

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15
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A

Ciliated, pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Function is to help moisten and clean the airway
Goblet cells secrete mucus in which foreign debris gets caught
Movement of cilia directs mucus out of respiratory tract

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16
Q

Three structures that make up respiratory epithelium

A

Cilia, goblet cells, pseudostratified columnar cells

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17
Q

Layers and function of mucus membrane

A

Respiratory epithelium, characteristically thick basement membrane, and lamina popria containing seromucus glanda
Main function as protectant and secretant

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18
Q

Function and location of seromucus glands

A

Within the lamina propria of mucus membrane
Serous fluid contains lysozymes to destroy foreign particles

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19
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

A specialized respiratory epithelium which lines the superior region of the nasal cavity
Olfactory epithelium contains olfactory receptor cells

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20
Q

Overall what are the specialized linings of the respiratory tract

A

Stratified squamous epithelium: thick layer of cells
Respiratory epithelium: cilia, goblet cells
Mucus membrane: thick layers, mucus production, lysosomes
Olfactory epithelium: olfactory receptor cells

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21
Q

How is the pharynx subdivided

A

Begins at the internal nares
Divided into three regions which are for their association with the nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx:
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

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22
Q

Characteristics of nasopharynx

A

Extends from internal nares to soft palate
Contains pharyngeal tonsil and uvula
Includes Pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tunes
Respiratory epithelium

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23
Q

Characteristics of oropharynx

A

Contains tonsils and most of the epiglottis
Lined with a stratified squamous epithelium

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24
Q

Characteristics of laryngopharynx

A

Contains opening into larynx
Stratified squamous epithelium
Includes Epiglottis

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25
Q

Contents of the larynx

A

Laryngeal cartilage
Vocal folds/cords

26
Q

Cartilages of the larynx and their function

A

Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid
Function in protection of larynx and as attachment sites for intrinsic laryngeal muscles

27
Q

Functions of laryngeal components

A

Epiglottis: covers the larynx during swallowing
Hyoid bone: provides site for muscular attachment
Cricoid cartilage: covers the anterior and posterior side of the larynx
Arytenoid cartilage: articulate with cricoid cartilage and location of insertion for vocal ligaments

28
Q

How are sounds produced when air passes through the vocal ligaments

A

Different skins produced depending on whether the ligaments are adducted or abducted
Muscles originate and insert onto the cartilages of the larynx that will adduct and abduct the vocal cords resulting in production of sound

29
Q

Components of the trachea

A

Begins inferior to the cricoid cartilage
Bifurcates into the two primary bronchi
C-shaped cartilaginous rings support the trachea
Smooth muscle between the cartilaginous rings
Posterior side of trachea is covered by a muscle that will allow the esophagus to slightly bulge into the lumen of the trachea when swallowing

30
Q

Emergency access to an airway

A

Cricothyroidotomy: through thyroid membrane
Tracheostomy: through 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings (temporary or permanent intubation)

31
Q

Bifurcation of the trachea

A

Bifurcate into primary bronchi
Both the trachea and primary bronchi are supported by C shaped cartilaginous rings
Carina is the last line of defense against foreign matter in the airway
Bifurcates asymmetrically on left side around the heart

32
Q

Where does a foreign object get lodged when aspirated

A

Right main bronchus
Because right main bronchus bifurcates of the trachea at a more obtuse angle than left main bronchus

33
Q

How do bronchi continue

A

Branch into smaller segments called bronchioles
Bronchi supported by cartilage and bronchioles by smooth muscle
Respiratory bronchioles are where gas exchange will take place

34
Q

Function of smooth muscle in airway

A

Allow for dilation and constriction of airway
Dilation allows more air to lungs
Constriction reduces amount of air into lungs

35
Q

Function of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation in airway

A

Sympathetic: increase in respiration, body requires more oxygen, leads to bronchodilation
Parasympathetic: decrease in respiration, body requires less oxygen, leads to bronchoconstriction

36
Q

What happens in the respiratory zone

A

Alveolar sacs are line with alveoli off of bronchioles
Alveoli are made of a simple squamous epithelium that functions in gas exchange

37
Q

Alveolus (plural alveoli)

A

Final termination of the airway and where gas exchange takes place
Lined mostly with simple squamous epithelium! Which is the location of gas exchange

38
Q

Structure of the alveolus

A

Alveolus wall: one cell thick to facilitate gas exchange
Alveolus pore: communication and collateral ventilation
Alveoli surround the duct (one cell thick and sides of alveolus appear honeycombed)

39
Q

Cell types of alveoli

A

Type 1 pneumocyte, dust cells, and type 2 pmeumocyte

40
Q

Type 1 pneumocyte

A

Simple squamous cells

41
Q

Dust cells

A

Macrophages
Free or migratory
Remove foreign cells

42
Q

Type 2 pneumocyte

A

Produce surfactant
Function as stem cell

43
Q

Blood brain barrier of respiratory zone

A

Barrier between capillary and alveoli which also promote gas exchange
Three layers: alveolar epithelium, fused basement membrane, capillary epithelium

44
Q

Components of the lungs

A

Assymetrical
Right lung had horizontal and oblique fissure dividing superior, middle, and inferior lobes
Left lung has oblique fissure dividing superior and inferior lobes

45
Q

What is a cardia impression

A

Formed during development of heart
More obvious on left lung but found on both

46
Q

Two structures on left lung that make space for the heart

A

Cardiac notch is an indentation on the anterior border of the left lung’s superior lobe and is there to accompany the heart
The lingula extends from the cardiac notch and the oblique fissure and is the remnant of what would have been the middle lobe

47
Q

How do pulmonary arteries and veins branch

A

Use same pattern as bronchi

48
Q

Contents of the pleural cavity

A

Lungs, pleural linings, potential space

49
Q

Development of the pleural cavity

A

Analogy to fluid filled balloon:
Balloon has a single layer surrounding fluid
As the hand is pressed into the balloon, the lining will wrap around the hand
Forms two layers from one single membrane
Layers are separated by fluid

50
Q

Development of bronchi

A

At four weeks old, a lung bud develops as an outgrowth of the ventral wall
The bud will form the trachea and bronchial buds
Buds will develop into the right and left primary bronchi
Secondary buds, followed by tertiary buds, will develop

51
Q

Development of the visceral and parietal pleurae

A

At same time as lung bud developing, it is growing into the fluid filled space of the intradaembryonic cavity
Cavity filled with serous fluid
Single layer of mesoderm covering the lung is the visceral pleura
Layer of mesodermal retained on the thoracic wall is the parietal pleura
Serous fluid maintains connection between two layers of pleura

52
Q

Functions of serous fluid

A

Lubrication of the plural cavity
Creation of tension between the visceral and parietal layers that sticks the two layers of pleura together

53
Q

Muscles of respiration

A

Skeletal muscles assist in inhalation and exhalation by increasing and decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
Diaphragm increases the vertical dimensions of the thorax
Intercostal muscles also help elevate ribs to increase the lateral dimensions of the thorax

54
Q

Muscles of forced inhalation

A

Muscles superior to the thoracic cavity: Pectoralis minor and serratus posterior superior
Muscles lying in superior plane pull the sternum up and out and expand the rib cage laterally

55
Q

Muscles of forced exhalation

A

Muscles inferior to the thoracic cavity: abdominals, serratus posterior inferior, and internal intercostal mm

56
Q

What nerve innervates the diaphragm and what spinal cord segments

A

Phrenic nerve (cervical spinal cord segments 3, 4, and 5

57
Q

Which nerves innervate the intercostal muscles

A

Intercostal nerves from T1-T11 run in the inferior border of each rib with the intercostal vein and artery
Intercostal nerves innervate the intercostal muscles

58
Q

From which structure does the respiratory center gather information

A

Neural control comes from the medulla oblongata
Nuclei will set a baseline rate of ventilation = respiratory center
Respiratory center gathers information from stretch receptors in the lungs and chemoreceptors in the arteries

59
Q

How do stretch receptors in lungs work?

A

Mechanoreceptors
In smooth muscle
Respond to excessive stretching in the lung
Stops inhalation and initiates exhalation

60
Q

Function of aortic bodies and carotid bodies

A

Chemoreceptors
Sense changes in blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
Changes in pH
Trigger inhalation

61
Q

Which cranial nerves sense and receive information from the carotid and aortic bodies?

A

Carotid bodies: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Aortic bodies: vagus nerve (CN X)
Chemoreceptors sense change in blood O2 and CO2 levels

62
Q

What determines rate of respiration

A

Total lung capacity tables determine baseline rates of respiration
Give how much air you pull into lungs and push out
Knowing these baseline rates are essential for diagnosis of disease and following the progress of a respiratory disease

Anatomy (29 decks)

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