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Anatomy > 38. Endocrine System > Flashcards

38. Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Internal regulatory system
Maintains internal environment of body
Organs are endocrine glands (spread throughout body and secrete hormones into bloodstream to target cells/tissues)
Similar to nervous system but acts more slowly and affects many body tissues

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2
Q

What stimulates hormone secretion

A

Ion or nutrient concentrations in blood
Neuronal control
In response to other hormones

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3
Q

Types of feedback loops

A

Negative: effect of hormone halts more secretion of hormone, maintains hormone within certain range
Positive: effect of hormone increases more secretion of hormone

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4
Q

Types of endocrine glands

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Gonads (ovary or testis)

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5
Q

Difference between exocrine and endocrine glands

A

Exocrine glands: synthesize substances released through ducts
Endocrine glands: synthesize substances (hormones) released into bloodstream to reach target tissue to signal physiological response

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6
Q

Characteristics of the Pituitary gland

A

Located underneath brain, suspended from hypothalamus by infundibulum
Divided structurally and functionally into anterior and posterior parts

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7
Q

Characteristics of anterior pituitary and types of hormones secreted

A

Controlled by hormones secreted by hypothalamus into bloodstream
Secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone, FSH & LH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and growth hormone

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8
Q

Function or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
Control metabolism

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9
Q

Function of FSH and LH

A

Acts on gonads to stimulate sperm and oocyte production and release of sex hormones

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10
Q

Function of adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Acts on adrenal cortex to cause released of corticosteroids

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11
Q

Function of prolactin

A

Acts on mammary glands of breast for growth and milk production

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12
Q

Function of melanocytes stimulating hormone

A

Acts on melanocytes in skin to produce melanin

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13
Q

Function of growth hormone

A

Acts on all body tissues (especially muscles and bones) to stimulate growth of body

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14
Q

Characteristics and hormones secreted by posterior pituitary gland

A

Structurally part of brain.
Special neurons from hypothalamus extend into posterior pituitary
Hormones stored and released are antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

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15
Q

Function of anti diuretic hormone

A

Stimulates kidneys to resorb more water when dehydrated, helps body retain water
Also tells blood vessels to constrict when blood pressure is low to return it to normal

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16
Q

Function of oxytocin

A

Stimulates ejection of milk from breast during breastfeeding
Induces contraction of smooth muscles in reproductive organs

17
Q

Characteristics of thyroid gland

A

Largest endocrine gland
Located in lower neck anterior to trachea
Right and left lobes connected by isthmus
Follicular cells in thyroid produce thyroid hormone (increases basic metabolic rate and release stimulated by TSH from anterior pituitary)
Iodine is essential nutrient for thyroid hormone production

18
Q

What is hyperthyroidism

A

Over-active thyroid gland
Many disorders can result in hyperthyroidism, most common is Graves’ disease
Autoimmune disease where antibodies stimulate thyroid hormone secretion
Most common in middle aged women
Symptoms are elevated metabolic rate, rapid heart rate, weight loss, and protruding eyes from edema

19
Q

What is goiter

A

Insufficient secretion of thyroid hormone is hypothyroidism
Can be due to lack of iodine in diet
Thyroid gland produces precursor to TH
Thyroid gland enlarges as pituitary continues to release TSH and precursor is produced
Enlargement of thyroid gland is a goiter
Iodized salt has greatly reduced incidence of goiters

20
Q

Characteristics of parathyroid glands

A

4 glands located on posterior of thyroid gland
Produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium levels in blood
Not under control of hypothalamus
PTH released into blood when calcium levels are low and cause osteoclasts to release calcium from bone, decrease excretion of calcium by kidney, and cause small intestines to absorb more calcium

21
Q

Characteristics of adrenal glands

A

Located superior to kidneys
2 endocrine glands in 1: cortex and medulla
Different hormones, but both help to cope with stress and extreme situations

22
Q

Characteristics of adrenal medulla

A

Acts as part of sympathetic nervous system
Chromaffin cells are modified postsynaptic sympathetic neurons
Release epinephrine and norepinephrine into bloodstream
Responsible for short term stress response

23
Q

Characteristics of adrenal cortex

A

Produces and releases corticosteroids
Stimulates by adrenocorticotropic hormone from anterior pituitary
Responsible for long-term stress response
Has 3 layers:
Zona glomerulosa- outer, produce aldosterone
Zona fasciculata- middle, produce cortisol
Zona reticularis- inner, produce androgens

24
Q

Function of aldosterone

A

Stimulate resorption of sodium and water by kidneys to increase blood volume and pressure

25
Q

Function of cortisol

A

Increase glucose levels in blood, breakdown protein and fats for enefgy

26
Q

Function of androgens

A

Not fully understood, thought to boost immunity

27
Q

Characteristics of pancreas

A

Located behind stomach, within C-shape of duodenum
Exocrine function: apical cells that secrete digestive enzymes into duodenum via pancreatic duct
Endocrine function: islets of Langerhans consists of alpha and beta cells to produce glucagon and insulin respectively

28
Q

What is diabetes mellitus

A

Metabolic condition marked by inadequate uptake of glucose from blood by tissues
Results in high amounts of glucose in urine
Chronically elevated blood glucose damages small arterioles, kidney failure, and amputation
Type 1 or 2

29
Q

Characteristics of type 1 diabetes

A

Occurs in children
Diminished or absent production of insulin by beta cells
Auto immune response destroys beta cells
Glucose cannot be delivered to tissues
Requires insulin injections

30
Q

Characteristics of type 2 diabetes

A

90% of diabetes cases
Usually occurs in adults
Associated with obesity
Decreased insulin release from beta cells or diminished effectiveness of insulin
Requires dietary changes, exercise, medication

31
Q

Characteristics of testes

A

Interstitial (Leydig) cells produce testosterone
Maintain male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics
Promote formation of sperm

32
Q

Characteristics of ovaries

A

Granulosa cells produce estrogen - maintain female reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics
Corpus luteum produces progesterone - prepares endometrium for implantation

Anatomy (29 decks)

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