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Anatomy > 30/31. Digestive System > Flashcards

30/31. Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract) and accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

Digestive functions

A

Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical breakdown
Chemical digestion
Absorption of nutrients and water
Defecation

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3
Q

Where does ingestion occur?

A

Through oral cavity

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4
Q

What does propulsion consist of

A

Swallowing and peristalsis

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5
Q

What is mechanical breakdown

A

Chewing
Mixing/segmentation

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6
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Use of enzymes to breakdown food molecules

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7
Q

Epithelia of GI tract

A

Stratified squamous = protection
Simple columnar = absorption and secretiom

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8
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium in the GI tract

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Anus

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9
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium in the GI tract

A

Stomach
Small and large intestines

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10
Q

Components of the mouth and oral cavity

A

Oral cavity
Vestibule
Uvula
Palatine tonsil
Frenula
Pharynx
Tonsils
Epiglottis

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11
Q

Location of oral cavity

A

Between teeth
Opens into oropharynx

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12
Q

Location of vestibule

A

Between teeth and lips

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13
Q

What is the uvula

A

Muscular structure that hangs from soft palate

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14
Q

Location and components of palatine tonsil

A

Sits between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
Palatoglossal arches is muscular arch from palate to tongue
Palatopharyngeal arch is muscular arch from palate to pharynx

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15
Q

What are frenula

A

Folds of mucosa
Consists of labial (lip) and lingual (tongue)

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16
Q

Pharynx consists of

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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17
Q

What are tonsils

A

Lymphoid organs that fight against microorganisms entering the oral and nasal cavities

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18
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

Flap of cartilage, folds over airway to prevent material entering trachea

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19
Q

Permanent dentition (adult)

A

2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars per quadrant
4 quadrants
Total 32 teeth

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20
Q

Deciduous dentition (baby teeth)

A

2 deciduous incisors, 1 deciduous canine, 2 deciduous molars per quadrant
4 quadrants
20 teeth total

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21
Q

Characteristics of the tongue

A

Muscular structure that manipulates foot in the oral cavity
Largest muscle extends from anterior mandible
Assists with production of certain sounds in speech
Tiny projections of mucous membrane on tongue are called papillae, which contain taste buds

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22
Q

Characteristics of tonsils

A

Lymphatic tissue in the back of nasal and oral cavities
Palatine tonsils are between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches and are most often removed due to infection (tonsilitis)
Lingual tonsil found at back of tongue
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) found in back of nasopharynx

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23
Q

Function and types of salivary glands

A

Produce saliva to begin chemical digestion, lubricates oral cavity, protects against tooth decay and microorganisms
Parotid gland, submandibular gland, and sublingual gland

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24
Q

Characteristics of parotid gland

A

Parotid duct pierces buccinator
Opens across from M2
Serous secretions

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25
Q

Characteristics of submandibular gland

A

Duct opens near frenulum of tongue
Serous and mucus secretuons

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26
Q

Characteristics of sublingual gland

A

Many ducts open underneath tongue
Mucus secretions

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27
Q

Layers of tube from esophagus to large intestine

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/adventitia

28
Q

Characteristics of mucosa layer

A

Epithelium and connective tissue
Muscularis mucosae

29
Q

Characteristics of submucosa layer

A

CT with mucin glands, lymphoid tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

30
Q

Characteristics of Muscularis externa

A

2 or 3 layers of smooth muscle
Circular and longitudinal muscle layers

31
Q

Characteristics of serosa/adventitia layer

A

Outer layer of connective tissue
Serosa covered by peritoneum, adventitia is not

32
Q

What is segmentation

A

Mixes material with digestive secretions

33
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Wave of contraction propels material through GI tract

34
Q

Characteristics of esophagus

A

Muscular tube connecting pharynx to stomach
Transitions from skeletal muscle to smooth muscle
Does not absorb nutrients
Passes through diaphragm to enter abdomen
Esophageal sphincter between esophagus and stomach prevents reflux

35
Q

Features of the stomach

A

Fundus- dome of stomach
Body- large middle region
Pylorus- funnel shaped end of stomach
Pyloric sphincter- controls food leaving stomach
Rugae (gastric folds)- folds within stomach, allow for expansion

36
Q

Layers and function of stomach

A

3 layers of Muscularis externa
Functions: churning, secretions, absorption of water and electrolytes

37
Q

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

Regurgitation of stomach contents into esophagus (acid reflux)
Causes heartburn and can lead to ulcers in esophagus
Can be caused by hiatal hernia (stomach pushes through diaphragm)

38
Q

Stomach cells

A

Gastric pits in stomach open into gastric glands which contain :
Mucous neck cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Enteroendocrine cells
Undifferentiated stem cells

39
Q

Function of mucous neck cells

A

Produce mucus (protect stomach)

40
Q

Function of parietal cells

A

Produce HCl and gastric intrinsic factor (protein for absorbing vitamin B12)

41
Q

Function of chief cells

A

Secrete pepsin (protein breakdown) and gastric lipase (for fat digestion)

42
Q

Function of enteroendocrine cells in stomach

A

Secrete hormone gastrin (stimulate HCl secretion)

43
Q

Function of undifferentiated stem cells

A

Replace epithelial lining of stomach every 3-7 days

44
Q

Components of small intestine

A

Duodenum- 1st part, shortest, receives bile from liver and gallbladder and digestive enzymes from pancreas
Jejunum - 2nd, main region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
Ileum - 3rd, longest, contains ileocecal valve which controls movement of material into large intestine

45
Q

Characteristics of small intestine

A

About 20 ft long
Mucosa has ridges called circular folds
Finger-like villi increase surface area for absorption and each villus contains capillaries and lymphatic vessels
Consists of entereocytes, goblet cells, enteroendcrine cells, and brunner glands

46
Q

Function of enterocytes

A

Absorptive cells, cover villi in small intestine

47
Q

Function of goblet cells

A

Produce mucus for lubrication

48
Q

Location and Function of enteroendocrine cells in small intestine

A

In duodenum
Secrete hormones for release of bile and digestive enzymes

49
Q

Location and Function of brunner cells

A

In submucosa of duodenum
Secrete alkaline mucus to protect against acidic material

50
Q

Parts of large intestine

A

Cecum - 1st, has junction with ileum
Vermiform appendix- tube attached to cecum
Ascending colon- 2nd, ascends right side of abdomen
Transverse colon- 3rd, travels horizontal across abdomen
Descending colon- 4th, descends left side of abdomen
Sigmoid colon- 5th, S-shaped part that transitions into rectum

51
Q

Characteristics of large intestine

A

5 ft long
Includes teniae coli, which are 3 external longitudinal bands of smooth muscle that shorten long intestine during peristalsis
Includes pouches called haustra
Includes goblet cells to produce mucus for lubrication
Large intestine absorbs mostly water and few nutrients

52
Q

Characteristics of anus

A

Terminal part of large intestine
Sphincter muscles control storing or release of feces
Internal anal sphincter is made of smooth muscle and controlled by ANS
External anal sphincter is made of skeletal muscle and controlled by somatic motor system
Infants lack control over external anal sphincter

53
Q

Defecation

A

Sympathetics store vexes by relaxing wall of rectum and contracting internal anal sphincter
Parasympathetics release feces by relaxing internal anal sphincter and contracting rectum
Can override this reflex by contracting external anal sphincter to store flexes until convenient

54
Q

What is diverticulosis

A

Out-pouching of the wall of the colon
Weakening of colon wall associated with lack of fiber

55
Q

What is diverticulitis

A

When diverticula become inflamed and infected
Can cause perforation of colon, leaking feces into peritoneal cavity and infecting peritoneum (peritonitis)

56
Q

What is appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the vermiform appendix caused by blockage, infectious bacteria gets trapped
Pain starts around umbilicus, over to lower right quadrant
Physician will palpate at McBurney’s point, pain during palpitation indicates appendicitis
Appendectomy is surgical removal of appendix

57
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas

58
Q

Characteristics of the liver

A

Largest gland in body
Upper right quadrant of abdomen, below diaphragm
2 lobes - right and left, divided by falciform ligament, which is membrane that anchors liver to anterior abdominal wall
Gallbladder tucked under right lobe
Inferior vena cava travels behind liver to heard
Considered exocrine gland because of ducts

59
Q

Functions of liver

A

Produce bile (stored in gallbladder) to breakdown fats
Stores glucose from blood as glycogen to be used by body
Detoxifies blood
Makes blood proteins

60
Q

Blood supply to liver

A

From celiac trunk (oxygen rich) and from hepatic portal vein (oxygen poor that is nutrient rich and needs filtration)

61
Q

Structure of liver

A

Consists of hexagonal lobules made of hepatocytes (liver cells)
Every corner of lobule has arteriole from celiac trunk, venule from hepatic portal, bile duct

62
Q

Filtration and exit of blood from liver

A

Blood from venules and arterioles mix in liver sinusoids
Venous blood is cleansed and filtered by hepatocytes and macrophages
Arterial blood supplies oxygen to hepatocytes
Blood in sinusoids collects in central vein which carries blood to hepatic veins and then IVC

63
Q

Characteristics of pancreas

A

Mixed gland- both endocrine and exocrine function
Exocrine: has acinar cells that produce and secrete mucin and digestive enzymes to aid in digestion, which are transported by pancreatic duct which joins common bile duct
Endocrine: has islet cells which produce insulin

64
Q

Characteristics of gallbladder

A

Stores bile produced by liver
Released when fatty food enters the small intestine

65
Q

Characteristics of biliary tree (apparatus)

A

Passageway of ducts carrying bile
Liver secretes bile into hepatic ducts
Gallbladder secretes bile into cystic duct
Cystic duct and hepatic duct merge to form common bile duct
Common bile duct meets pancreatic duct and they empty into duodenum at duodenal papilla

66
Q

What is cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of gallbladder
Often caused by gallstones due to too much cholesterol in diet or sudden changes in fat content of diet
May require surgical removal (cholecystectomy) if stones can’t be broken up

67
Q

Characteristics of peritoneum

A

Serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity
Abdominal organs grow in abdominal cavity and are surrounded by peritoneum
Mesentery- double layer of peritoneum that collapses behind organs (nerves and blood vessels are trapped between layers of peritoneum; organs without mesentery are retroperitoneal)

Anatomy (29 decks)

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