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Anatomy > 32/33. Urinary System > Flashcards

32/33. Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the urinary system

A

Storage and excretion of urine
Regulation of blood volume (directly regulator of blood pressure)
Regulation of ion levels (Ca+, Na+, K+)
Regulation of acid-base levels (H+)
Regulation of erythrocyte production (secretion of erythropoietin)

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2
Q

Function of erythropoietin and relation to kidney disease:

A

In response to a drop in tissue oxygen pressure (hypoxia), erythropoietin is produced by cells in the renal cortex
Pts with chronic kidney disease cannot filter toxins and accumulation of toxins effects availability of erythropoietin and ability to produce new red blood cells
Result is lowered oxygen availability in organ tissue and subsequent organ failure

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3
Q

Initial Embryonic development of urinary system

A

Urogenital system derives from embryonic tissue called intermediate mesoderm
As the intermediate mesoderm runs down the posterior abdominal wall of the developing embryo, it will begin to condense and form two bilateral ridges, Known as urogenital ridge
Pronephros develop from urogenital ridge and instigate mesonephros development

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4
Q

Urogenital system development by week 4

A

Mesonephros act as a temporary set of excretory organs
They are composed of multiple saclike segments
The mesonephric duct drains each mesonephros to the developing bladder
Mesonephros persist till week 10

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5
Q

What occurs at 5th week of urogenital system development

A

Metanephros develop and act as temporary set of excretory organs
They are fully functional by week 10 and take over as final excretory organ
They develop from ureteric buds and metanephric mesoderm

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6
Q

Ureteric buds develop into

A

Structures that will collect urine
Ureter, renal calyces, renal pelvis, and collecting ducts

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7
Q

Metanephric mesoderm develops into

A

Nephron components of kidney
Structures that will produce urine
Glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

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8
Q

Characteristics of indifferent duct system

A

All embryos develop an indifferent duct system
Genetics will determine which duct system is retained
Retention of mesonephric duct will result in development of penis, etc
Retention of paramesonephric duct results in develop,ent of uterus, etc

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9
Q

Organs of urinary system and their overall functions

A

Paired kidneys: filter waste from bloodstream and convert filtrate into urine
Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra: (urinary tract) transport the urine out of body

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10
Q

Location of kidneys and what gland is also found nearby

A

Superior border sits just below T12 vertebrae
Inferior border sit at about L3
Kidney is retroperitoneal
Suprarenal or adrenal gland sits atop each kidney
Right kidney sits slightly more inferior than left kidney
Kidney sits on posterior aspect of abdomen so easily accessible in surfery

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11
Q

How are kidneys supported?

A

Cushioned by two layers of fat

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12
Q

Characteristics and functions of fibrous capsule of kidney

A

Dense, irregular connective tissue
Maintains shape of kidney
Protects kidney from damage
Prevents infection from spreading
Concave medial border: hilum

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13
Q

Internal structure of kidney

A

Consists of cortex and medulla
Cortex is outer region that divides the medulla into pyramidal shaped regions called pyramids
Base of medulla forms the corticomedullary junction with the cortex
At the apex of the medulla is the papilla

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14
Q

Drainage of urine in medulla

A

Urine formed in medulla drains from papilla into minor calyx
Urine collecting in multiple minor calyces will drain into one major calyx

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15
Q

Components of the collecting system

A

Medulla produces urine
Papilla
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Bladder

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16
Q

Primary function of kidney

A

Blood filtration

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17
Q

Blood supply to and from kidney

A

Blood carried to kidney by renal arteries which branch off the abdominal aorta
Renal veins bring deoxygenated blood back to IVC
Renal veins lie superior to arteries and are asymmetrical due to location of IVC
Left renal vein is longer than right and collects blood from left gonadal vein

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18
Q

Order of blood supply to the kidney

A

Renal artery
Segmental arteries (5 branch off)
Interlobar arteries: between pyramids
Arcuate arteries: across tops of pyramids
Cortical arteries: penetrate cortex and give off afferent arterioles
Afferent arterioles are smallest branches which create capillary balls called glomeruli

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19
Q

What is a nephron

A

Functional unit of the kidney

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20
Q

Components of nephron

A

Corpuscle: glomerulus and capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop (of Henle)
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting ducts

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21
Q

Nephrons form urine from three processes

A

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion

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22
Q

Filtration

A

Movement of substances from blood to capsular space

23
Q

Reabsorption

A

Movement of substances from tubular fluid back to blood

24
Q

Secretion

A

Movement of substances from the blood to the tubular fluid

25
Q

Structure of renal corpuscle

A

Renal corpuscle is made of glomerulus and glomerular capsule
Glomerulus is a tangle of capillaries that extend from the afferent arteriole
The glomerular capsule surrounds the glomerulus

26
Q

Structure of glomerular capsule

A

Made of two layers: visceral and parietal
Parietal layer made of simple squamous epithelium
Visceral layer is adhered to glomerulus and is made of podocytes
Capsular space lies between two layers and collect filtrate

27
Q

Glomerular development

A

The developing glomerulus presses into the renal tubule to form a visceral and parietal layer
This forms a space separating the layers which is where filtrate will collect and drain into proximal convoluted tubule

28
Q

Layers of the filtration membrane

A
  1. Epithelium of the glomerulus
  2. Basement membrane of the glomerulus
  3. Visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
29
Q

Function of filtration membrane

A

Allows only smallest solutes to exit glomerulus
Solutes are pressed out of blood due to high pressure in the glomerulus
Non selective method of filtration

30
Q

Characteristics of proximal convoluted tubule

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli help increase reabsorption capacity
Actively reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, and plasma proteins

31
Q

Characteristics of nephron loop (of henle)

A

Loops down into middle
Primary function is to reabsorption water and solutes to bloodstream
Made of two limbs:
Each limb has thick and thin portion
Thick and thin regions are made of different epithelium which will function in the reabsorption or secretion of different substances

32
Q

Characteristics of distal convoluted tubule

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with sparse microvilli
Primary function is to secrete ions (K+) into tubular fluid and also to reabsorb water

33
Q

Blood flow around the nephron

A

Peritubular capillaries surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules
Vasa recta surround the nephron loop

34
Q

Types of nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons: Work under normal conditions
Juxtamedullary nephrons: work during periods of high activity

35
Q

Regulation of collecting tubules

A

Act under influence of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone to limit the loss of water and sodium ions from blood

36
Q

Purpose of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Released in response to dehydration
Triggers conversion of water and sodium ions

37
Q

Purpose of aldosterone

A

Increases blood ion concentrations and blood volume
Functions to increase amount of water in blood by increasing amount of sodium present

38
Q

Characteristics of juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Group of cells that control production of aldosterone
Made of:
Macula dense cells in the Distal convoluted tubule
JG cells in afferent arteriole
Macula dense and JG cells communicate to regulate the blood fluid volume (blood pressure)

39
Q

Action of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Macula densa cells in the DCT monitor the sodium ion concentration in the filtrate
If ion concentration is too high, macula densa cells tell JG cells to contract
Contraction narrows the wall of the afferent arteriole, reduces the pressure inside the glomerulus

40
Q

Effect of renin

A

Triggering of JG cells also releases renin
Renin stimulates the production of aldosterone
Aldosterone will act upon the collecting duct to make it more permeable to water
Water is the secreted from the duct and reabsorbed back into the blood

41
Q

Overall mechanism of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Macula densa cells sense an increase in Na+ concentrations in filtrate
Macula densa stimulates JG cells to contract the afferent arteriole and release renin
Contraction reduces flow of filtrate in PCT, thus retaining more water and Na+
Renin triggers aldosterone
Aldosterone stimulates reabsorption of Na from collecting duct back to blood
Increase in sodium ions in the blood will increase the reabsorption of water from filtrate
Result is increase in blood volume/pressure

42
Q

How does urine exit the kidney

A

Through ureter
Ureters carry urine into pelvic cavity to empty into urinary bladder
Ureters insert in the posterolateral wall of the bladder
A one way valve prevents urine from re-entering the ureter

43
Q

Where do kidney stones occur

A

Ureters are narrow in the lower pole of the kidney, iliac vessels, and entrance of the bladder
These are locations where kidney stones are most likely to get stuck as they travel through the ureter

44
Q

Three layers of the ureter

A
  1. Mucosa (transitional epithelium)
  2. Muscularis (smooth muscle layers)
  3. Adventitia (collagen and elastic fibers)
45
Q

Sine (without) uterine pelvic contents

A

Bladder, rectum, ureters

46
Q

Uterine pelvic contents

A

Uterus, rectum, bladder, ureters

47
Q

Four layers of urinary bladder

A
  1. Mucosa (transitional epithelium)
  2. Submucosa (dense, irregular connective tissue)
  3. Muscularis (detrusor muscle)
  4. Adventitia (outer loose connective tissue)
48
Q

Epithelium components of the bladder

A

Transitional epithelium allows the epithelium to stretch
Mucosal folds called rugae allow for increased storage within the bladder
Trigone is a triangular area formed by the entrance of the ureters and the formation of the internal urethral sphincter

49
Q

Characteristics the urethra

A

Urethra is made from smooth muscle of the bladder
Internal urethral sphincter is also made of smooth muscle and is under autonomic control
The distal end of the urethra is surrounded by the skeletal muscle forming the external urethral sphincter

50
Q

The difference between male and female urethrae

A

Male includes prostatic urethra following bladder, then membranous urethra, and finally penile urethra
Female has external urethral orifice following bladder

51
Q

Micturition reflex center in brain

A
  1. Stretch receptors in the bladder trigger the micrurition reflex center
  2. Impulses travel to the detrusor muscle and the internal urethral sphincter
  3. Smooth muscle in internal urethral sphincter relaxes
  4. Smooth muscle in detrusor contracts
  5. Person must consciously relax the external urethral sphincter
52
Q

Parasympathetics of the bladder

A

Stimulate micturition

53
Q

Sympathetics to the bladder

A

Inhibit micturition

Anatomy (29 decks)

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