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psychology 1020 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Case Study

A

Descriptive research method that involves the examination of an atypical person or organization

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2
Q

Central tendency

A

Measure that represents the typical response or behavior of a group as a whole

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3
Q

Confound

A

Anything that affects a dependent variable and that varies between experiment conditions

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4
Q

Construct validity

A

The extent to which variables measure what they’re supposed to.

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5
Q

Mean

A

Average of a set of numbers

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6
Q

Median

A

Exact halfway between lowest and highest numbers

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7
Q

Mode

A

Most frequent value in a set of numbers

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8
Q

Accuracy

A

Degree to which an experimental measure is free from error

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9
Q

Bayesian statistics

A

A class of statistics that combines existing beliefs with new data to update the estimated likelihood that a belief is true

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10
Q

Control group

A

Participants in an experiment who receive no intervention

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11
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Descriptive statistic that indicates the strength and direction of the correlation between variables

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12
Q

Correlational studies

A

A research method that describes and predicts how variables are naturally related in the real world. No attempt by the researcher to alter or assign causation between them.

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13
Q

Dependent variable

A

Variable that is measured in a research study

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14
Q

Descriptive research

A

Research methods that involve observing behavior to describe that behavior objectively and systematically.

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15
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Statistics that summarize the data collected in a study.

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16
Q

Directionality problem

A

A problem encountered in correlational studies where researchers find a relationship between two variables, but cannot determine which variable causes change in the other.

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17
Q

Experiment

A

Research method that tests causal hypotheses by manipulating and measuring variables

18
Q

Experimental group

A

Participants who receive the treatment

19
Q

Experiment aversion

A

Tendency for people to prefer an untested treatment than to participate in a randomized study to evaluate the effectiveness of said treatment.

20
Q

External validity

A

Degree to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other people, settings, and situations

21
Q

False positive

A

Result that occurs when there is no real effect but a study produces a statistically significant result by chance

22
Q

HARKing

A

“Hypothesizing after the results are known” instead of generating a theory before running the study.

23
Q

Hypothesis

A

A specific, testable prediction, based on a theory.

24
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable that is manipulated in a research study

25
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Relies on variability. A set of procedures that enable researchers to decide whether differences between two or more groups are chance variations or reflect true differences.

26
Q

Institutional Review Boards

A

Groups of people responsible for reviewing proposed research

27
Q

Internal validity

A

Degree to which the effects observed in an experiment are due to the independent variable and not confounds

28
Q

Meta-analysis

A

A study of studies

29
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A type of descriptive study in which the researcher is a passive observer.

30
Q

Operational definition

A

Definition that describes and measures a variable objectively

31
Q

Participant observation

A

Type of descriptive study where the researcher is involved in the situation

32
Q

Population

A

Everyone in the group the experimenter is interested in

33
Q

Preregistration

A

Documenting and publishing a study’s hypothesis, methods, and analysis plan ahead of time.

34
Q

Questionable research practices

A

Practices that unintentionally make the research less replicable

35
Q

Reliability

A

Degree to which a measure is stable and consistent over time

36
Q

Self-report methods

A

Method of data collection where people provide information about themselves

37
Q

Standard deviation

A

How far each value is on average from the mean

38
Q

Theory

A

Set of interconnected ideas or concepts. Explanation for observation

39
Q

Third variable problem

A

Problem that occurs when the researcher cannot directly manipulate variables. The researcher cannot be confident that another unmeasured variable is not the actual cause of difference

40
Q

Variability

A

How widely dispersed values are from each other and from the mean in a set of numbers.

41
Q

P-hacking

A

Testing the same hypothesis using statistical tests in different variations until a statistically significant result is produced

psychology 1020 (10 decks)

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