Chapter 9

Question 1

Pregnancy

Answer 1

Sperm unites with egg to create a zygote. 2 weeks after, the zygote becomes implanted in the uterine wall. 2 weeks - 2 months embryo stage. Organs and internal systems form. Heart begins to beat after 2 months and becomes fetus. Birth at 40 weeks

Question 2

Myelination

Answer 2

Brains way of insulating it’s wires. Nerve fibers wrapped in a fatty sheath. Allows for signals to flow faster. First happens in first trimester of pregnancy with the spinal chord

Question 3

Lack of stimulation in a child’s environment?

Answer 3

Few synaptic connections are made. Brain will be less sophisticated and less able to process complex information, solve problems, or develop advanced language skills.

Question 4

Teratogens

Answer 4

Agents that harm the embryo or fetus

Question 5

Grasping reflex

Answer 5

Survival mechanism from young apes grasping their mothers.

Question 6

When do baby’s walk?

Answer 6

On average at 12 months

Question 7

Dynamic systems theory

Answer 7

View that development is a self-organizing process in which new forms of behavior emerge through interactions between a person and their cultural and environmental contexts

Question 8

At what age do babies have full auditory function

Answer 8

6 months

Question 9

What age can babies see as well as adults?

Answer 9

1 year

Question 10

preferential-looking technique

Answer 10

Researchers show an infant two things, if the infant looks longer at one of the things, they know that the infant can distinguish them and finds one more interesting. Infants look at stripes with high contrast more than gray images

Question 11

Habituation technique

Answer 11

Way to study how infants categorize a series of objects, based on the idea that after looking at objects that are all from the same category, babies will look for longer at objects from a new category.

Question 12

Infantile amnesia

Answer 12

Inability to remember events from early childhood

Question 13

Why was the Mozart effect invalid research?

Answer 13

They didn’t operationally define intelligence and they were testing college students and then generalizing to infants

Question 14

John Bowlby Attachment Theory

Answer 14

Attachment is adaptive and infants have innate attachment behaviors that motivate adult attention.

Question 15

Secure attachment style

Answer 15

Child that is distressed when the attachment figure leaves, and is quickly comforted when they return

Question 16

Insecure/avoidant attachment style

Answer 16

Child is not distressed when the attachment figure leaves, and avoids them when they return

Question 17

Insecure/ambivalent attachment style

Answer 17

Child is inconsolably upset when the attachment figure leaves, and will both seek and reject caring contact when they return

Question 18

Schemes

Answer 18

Piaget’s idea. Children form structured ways of making sense of experience that change as the child acquires new information about objects and events. Assimilation: a new experience is placed into existing scheme. Accommodation: A new scheme is created or an existing one is altered to include new information.

Question 19

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 19

(Birth - 2 Years) Infants acquire information through their senses and motor skills. Differentiates self from others, achieves object permanence, begins to act intentionally rather than reflectively through more complex schemes.

Question 20

Preoperational Stage

Answer 20

(2-7 years) Learns to use language and to think symbolically. Thinking is still egocentric, but can think about objects not in immediate view. Still thinks intuitively and not logically. Doesn’t understand conservation of quantity.

Question 21

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 21

(7-12 years) Can think logically about objects and events. Achieves conservation of number, mass, and weight. Classifies objects by several features, no longer fooled by appearances.

Question 22

Formal Operational

Answer 22

(12 years and up) Can think logically about abstract propositions and test hypotheses systematically. Able to critically think.

Question 23

In what ways have recent findings challenged Piaget’s theories?

Answer 23

Cognitive abilities related to physics and math develop earlier and stages of development are not as rigid as he thought. Object permanence also develops as early as 3.5 months

Question 24

Theory of mind

Answer 24

Ability to understand that other people have mental states that influence their behavior. Positively correlated with pro social behavior.

Question 25

3 levels of moral reasoning

Answer 25

Preconventional: self interest and event outcomes determine what is moral.

Conventional: Strict adherence to law and order. Also approval of others.

Postconventional: Depends on abstract principles and what is best for all.

Question 26

Moral emotions

Answer 26

What motivate people to do good things and avoid doing bad things. Shame, guilt, disgust, embarrassment, pride, and gratitude.

Question 27

Inequity aversion

Answer 27

A preference to avoid unfairness when making decisions about the distribution of resources. Innate sense of fairness as early as 16 months old.

Question 28

When does puberty begin?

Answer 28

Age 8 for females and age 10 for males. Ends at 16 and 18 respectively.

Question 29

Gender identity

Answer 29

One’s sense of being male, female, or non-binary

Question 30

Couples with adolescent children report ____ marriage satisfaction.

Answer 30

Less

Question 31

Who benefits most from marriage

Answer 31

Men because the wives incessantly improve their wellbeing

Question 32

How does memory and intelligence change with age?

Answer 32

Working memory is affected, long-term memory not as much. Fluid intelligence decreases but crystalline intelligence increases.

Question 33

Socioemotional selectivity theory

Answer 33

As people grow older, they view time as limited and therefore prioritize the meaningful aspects of life. This causes them to focus on positives and ignore negatives.

Question 34

Synaptic pruning

Answer 34

The adaptive process of preserving synaptic connections that are used and eliminating those that are not.