gender Flashcards
impact of feminism
mcrobbie - changes in the content of women’s magazines
girls’ changing ambitions - highlight gender inequalities to make government and schools combat patriarchy
changes in women’s employment
1970 equal pay act - 30% to 9% in 2020 according to financial times
1975 sex discrimination act
girls see a future in paid work
- however gender pay gap still remains
changes in family structure
divorce rate now 42% - large increase in cohabitation
sharpe increase in single parent families - 90% run by mum
families are smaller
women take on breadwinner role
girls changing ambitions
sue sharpe - carried out a study in 1970s and 1990s
1970s - girls wanted to get married and have a family
1990s - girls wanted a career and family later on
beck and beck-gernsheim - individualism and independence
girls mature faster
girls are more likely to view exams in responsible way
- feminists criticise as leads to society infantilising men when comes to domestic responsibilities
- benevolent sexism 0 make assumptions
gendered socialisation
norman - parents think appropriate socialisation for a girl is gentle and quiet - more likely to read with girls
girls more likely to succeed in education in terms of behaviour and language skills
globalisation, employment opportunities and male identities
decline in male jobs - crisis of masculinity
mac an ghaill - working class boys - crisis
boys lack motitivation for working - impacts w/c
leisure patterns
mcrobbie
- boys play sports and play computer games
- girls talk - bedroom culture
boys fail to develop linguistic and reasoning skills required
socialisation and different attitudes to reading
feminised
boys stop being interested in reading at around 8
reading is crucial for success at school due to the cultural capital and development of elaborated speech code - (bernstein)
evaluating external factors
link together
- decline of manufacturing and crisis only affects w/c but m/c girls outperform m/c boys so unlikely explanation
- difficult to measure impact of feminism - could be due to technology
- gender pay gap still exists
- interactionists - in-school processes eg teacher labelling and bullying have bigger impact
- radical feminists - emphasis the importance of institutional sexism within schools
teacher labelling
swann and graddol - tachers see boys and unruly
abraham - typical boy - not bright and typical girl - bright
male teachers stricter towards girls when they act out
teachers more likely to extend deadlines for boys and have lower expectations
subcultures
willis - learning to labour
sewell - black boys formed anti-school subcultures
fuller - black girls formed pro-school subcultures
school work seen as girly
national curriculum
when gcses introduced - girls overtook boys
Mitsos and browne - girls benefit from coursework because they work harder and spend more time on homework
girls better at oral exams
evidence that coursework effects - maths coursework dropped and boys overtook girls
- coursework no longer exists in majority of gcse subjects and gender gap still exists
- exam most influence on final grades
feminisation of teaching
not enough male teachers - learning styles of girls
browne and ross - girls see school as their gender domain
yougov - 42% of 8-11 year old boys said a male teacher made them work harder
sewell - schools dont nurture masculine traits
- francis - 2/3s of 7-8 year olds believe gender of teacher does not matter
boys’ overconfidence
barber - boys overestimate their ability and girls underestimate theirs
boys more likely to think they can achieve in exam with putting much effort
blame teacher for failures
