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biology 120 > Lab 2 > Flashcards

Lab 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

how do onions survive the winter

A

in the form of a bulb

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2
Q

how would you make a slide for onions

A

you would get a clear glass slide, use fine forceps peel the clear skin (epadermis) from the concave (inner) surface, place a drop of distilled water in the slide, put onion in water and place cover slide over

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3
Q

how would you inspect the prepared onion slide with a microscope

A

examine under the 4x and the 10x. scan slide and select a health, representative cell with nucleus, swith to 40x and identify structures

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4
Q

what structures should you be able to identify in a onion cell

A

cell wall
nucleus
nucleolus
central vacuole
cytoplasmic strands
cellular granuals

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5
Q

what does the cell wall do

A

it supports the cell

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6
Q

what does the plasma membrane

A

it is presses tightly to the cell wall (cant see it)
it regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell
it is selectively permeable

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7
Q

what is the nuclear envelope

A

a double membrane that embounds the nucleous

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8
Q

what does the nucleus do

A

it controls the cell function by directing protein sysnthsis and storess genetic material

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9
Q

what is the nucleoli (singular-nucleolus)

A

it is a specialized region of the nucleus that manufactures ribosomal subunits

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10
Q

how much space does a central vacuole occupy

A

85-90%

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11
Q

what is the function of the central vacuole

A

it gives support to the plant cell when it is fully expanded and functions in storage of water as well as enzymes, ions, proteins, and toxins

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12
Q

where are cytomplasmic strands found

A

in an onion cell

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13
Q

why dont onion cells have a cytoplasm

A

due to the large sized vacuole the remainder of the cytoplasm is restricted to a narrow layerbetween vacuole and plasma membrane

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14
Q

what is cytoplasmic straming

A

tiny stands of cytoplasm. the tiny particles are cellular granules

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15
Q

what is the mitochondria

A

organells which are the site of cellular respiration and produces energy rich molecule ATP

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16
Q

what is ATP made of

A

made by the presents of oxygen and sugar

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17
Q

what can cytoplasmic streaming be made of

A

cytoplasm
mitochondria
leucoplast

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18
Q

what are plastids

A

a feature of plant cells have. there is 3 main types; chromoplasts, chloroplast, leucoplast

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19
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

they are the site of photosynthisis

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20
Q

what causes the color of the chloroplast

A

its due to the predomanence of green pigments called chlorophylls which are located on a set of membranes inside the chloroplast called thylokoid membranes. these pigments capture the light energy used in photosynthesis

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21
Q

how do you prepare a slide for a green pepper

A

use a razor blade and make a very thin cross sections of a peice of green pepper. select the thinnest one then add a drop of distilled water then add a cover slip

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22
Q

how would you look at a green pepper under a slide

A

under the 4x objective lends find the area of green cells below the skin.
scan slide and select the thinest portion of you section.
examine under the 10x and 40x

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23
Q

what are the features you should label for the green peper

A

chloroplast
cell wall
central vacuole
nucleus
nucleolus

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24
Q

what pigments do chromoplasts contain. and what colour are they

A

they contain pigments called carotenoids and are typically yellow, orange red or dark purple

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25
Q

where are chromoplast usually found

A

they are commonly found in flowers and ripe fruits, where their colour attracts animal for pollonation (in flowers) or seed dispersal (in fruit)
they are also responsible for colour of fall leaves

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26
Q

how do you prepare a slide for red peppers

A

use fine forceps, carefully peel the skin from the outer surface of a piece of red pepper (capsicum) fruit
mount this tissue i a drop of distilled water
apply coverslip

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27
Q

how do you examine a red pepper slide

A

examine the cells along the edges of your peel under the 40x objective

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28
Q

what are the structures to look for on a red pepper

A

cell wall
plasmodesmata
chromoplast
central vacuole
nucleus

29
Q

what is plasmodesmata

A

plants communicate with each other via slender cytoplasmic connections called pasmodesmata
many run through each perforation (holes between the “bubbles” of the cell wall and connect adjacent cells

30
Q

what does the term leucoplast refer to

A

a group of non pigmented plastids that function in storage of starch, proteins, or fats

31
Q

why are leucoplast hard to distinguish with light microscopy

A

due to there small size and lack of pigment

32
Q

what do lucleoplast look like

A

many egg shaped clear dots

33
Q

what are leucoplasts like in bananas

A

they are in the form or starch grains. these starch grains are so big that they have out grown the leucoplast abd are free in the cytoplasm (lucleoplast have burst and no longer visible)

34
Q

how do you make a slide for a banana

A

use the blunt end of a tooth pick and touch the end of the banana
place a drop of distilled water on the silde and then rub in the banana

35
Q

how do you examine banana cells under the microscope

A

examine cells under 40x objective lends. the cells are colorless. youll need to close the iris diaphram to examine.
carefully examine a single starch grain and note its layered aperance

36
Q

what are they layers on a banana starch

A

the layers are called saturations. in many species of plants each striation corresponds to a day of starch deposition

37
Q

what should you label in a banana cell

A

cell wall
starch grains
cytoplasm
saturations

38
Q

what are anthocyanins

A

they are a class of blue, purple and red pigments that occur in the central vacuoles of some plant cells

39
Q

where are anthocyanins found

A

they are water soluble. they are dissolved in water and stored in the central vacuoles of some plant cells

40
Q

where are anthocyanin commonly found

A

they occur in flowers but may be present in some fruits (e.g. grapes, blueberries), leave and roots

41
Q

how do you prepare/look at a slide for a coral bells/alum root

A

using fine forceps peel a small piece (appx 5mm) of epidermis
mount this tissue in a drop of distilled water, apply cover slip, examine cells along the edge of your peel under the 4x and 10x objectives

42
Q

what structures should you see in coral bells/alum root

A

cell wall
plasmodesmata
central vacuole
nucleus (if visible)

43
Q

what should you be able to near a guard cell

A

chloroplast
cell wall
central vacuole
stoma

44
Q

what regulates the opening and closing of a stomata

A

the specialized guard cells. through which gas exchange occurs

45
Q

what is the process of photosysnthesis

A

the process which uses light energy to synthesize sugars from carbon di oxide and water while releasing oxygen and the by product

46
Q

what structures should you be able to see on your cheek slide

A

nucleus
cytoplasm
plasma membrane

47
Q

what sells are usually bigger plant or animal

A

plant cells

48
Q

why do you need to stain a cheek cell

A

because like most animal cells it is colourless. stain increases contrast so you can see cell and components more clearly

49
Q

what stains DNA dark blue

A

methyl blue

50
Q

what is an amoeba

A

a unicellular animal like protist

51
Q

what is amoeba bounded by

A

a plasma membrane

52
Q

what is pseudopodia. where can they be found

A

(false foot) cellular extentions that form as the granular cytoplasm flows forward, enabling the organism to crawl along the substrate. found in amoeba

53
Q

what is found in the cytoplasm of the amoeba. what do they do

A

many smaller granules and crystals. they have an unknown function

54
Q

what are the cytoskelletion components in the amoeba? and what are they responsible for

A

they are responsible for pseudopod formation and they are microfilaments

55
Q

what are microfillaments

A

they are composed of actin subunits, involved in cytoplasmic streaming and division of cytoplasm (wouldnt b visible on a slide)

56
Q

what do amoeba uses it pseudopodia for

A

to encircle and trap small animals and other food particles, a process called phagocytosis

57
Q

what does phagocytosis mean

A

cell eating

58
Q

what happens to the food that has been acquired from phagocytosis

A

-food is packages into food vacuoles
-stored temporarily in food vacuoles prior to digestion
-membrane bound lysosomes fuse with food vacuole and supply hydrolytic enzymes which digest food within vacuole

59
Q

in amoeba how would you distinguish the nucleus form contractual vacuole

A

-nucleus is grey, granular, and bean shaped
-contractual vacuole is colorless and perfectly circular

60
Q

what does the contractile vacuole function as

A

functions in osmoregulation

61
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

maintenance of a constant internal solute concentration by and organism

62
Q

what does the contractile vacuole vanish sometimes

A

because it is contracting to empty its contents (excess water)

63
Q

what structures should you be able to label in the amoeba

A

plasma mem
psedopodium
nucleus
contractal vacuole
food vacuole (is seen)
cytoplasm

64
Q

while amoeba uses microfilament to create its pseudopodia what are other ways animal cells move

A

cilia or flagella

65
Q

what are cilia or flagella made from

A

they are made of cytoskeletal components called microtubules

66
Q

what do specialized motor proteins do for the flagella and cilia

A

they work agents the microtubules to create a bend in the cilium or flagellum. this bending causes the characteristic oar-like movement of cilia and the whip like motion of the flagella

67
Q

how can you see the cilia of a paromecium

A

close the iris diaphragm and you’ll see the beating of cilia, tiny appendages that cover surface of the cell

68
Q

what structures should you be able to label on a paramecium

A

nucleus
cilia
oral grove

69
Q

how is flagella different from cilia

A

they have the same internal sturcture but flagella are longer and usally only come in groups of 1 or 2 per cell

biology 120 (15 decks)

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