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biology 120 > Lab 3 > Flashcards

Lab 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

what is a solute

A

a substance that devolves in a liquid

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2
Q

what is a solvent

A

a liquid that has dessolved or can dissolve one or more solutes

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3
Q

what is a solution

A

a liquid and its dissolved solutes

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4
Q

what does the plasma membrane allow to pass through the cell and how

A

it lets relatively small molecs to pass through them freely in both directions by diffusion and osmosis

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5
Q

what kind of transport processes in osmosis and diffusion

A

they are both passive transport processes

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6
Q

what is passive transport

A

transport occurs with out expenditure of energy

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7
Q

what is diffusion

A

the random movement of molecules of a substance from a area of high conc of that substance to an area of low conc of that substance..

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8
Q

what is a example of diffusion

A

this is the process by which gases are exchanged between cells and their environment, by which inorganic salts are taken up by plants and animal cells and by which ions are exchanges in kidney, muscle, and nerve cells in animals

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9
Q

how do prokaryotes devide

A

through binary fission

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10
Q

how does binary fission work

A

the cells single chromosomes (and plasmids) will replicate and then separate. the plasma membrane and cell wall grow inward, between the chromosomes, dividing the original cell into two identical daughter cells

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11
Q

how is the nucleus made up

A

nucleus contains DNA which is organized into chromosomes that are composed of DNA ad proteins (DNA + proteins is called chromatin) each chromosome has discrete units of hereditary information called genes. these are spicific nucleotide sequences of DNA thay code for particular charicteristics of an organism

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12
Q

what are chromosomes like in the nucleus

A

they are extended with their chromatin in long thing fibers

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13
Q

what do actively deviding cells undergo

A

cell cycle

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14
Q

what is the longest phase of a cell cycle

A

interphase

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15
Q

what happens at interphase

A

the cell groes and synthesizes new organelles and proteins in preperation for the next cell devision

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16
Q

what are the stages of cell cycle and mitosis

A

prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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17
Q

what happens in prophase

A

-replecated chromosomes (each made of two sister chromatids) condense and become visible under the microscope
-spindle microtubules begin to form and migrate to opposite ends of the cell

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18
Q

what happens in prometaphase

A

-nuclear envelope breaks down
-spindle microtubules grow and attach to the centromere regions of the replicated chromosome

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19
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

-spindle apparatus is completely formed
-replicated chromosomes are lined along the mid region of the cell also called the metaphase plate

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20
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

-centromeres of each replicated chromosome seperate
-single chromosomes are pulled by their centromeres to opposite poles

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21
Q

what happens in telophase in plants

A

-single chromosomes arrive at poles and begin to uncoil
-nuclear envolope begins to form around each group of chromosomes
-cytokinesis begins

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22
Q

what is the process of cytokinesis in plants

A

cell plate forms between the two nuclei and grows outward until it forms a complete cell wall that separates the two daughter cells

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23
Q

what is the process of cytokinesis in animals

A

cleavage furrow forms between the two nuclei and pinches the cell into two separate daughter cells

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24
Q

what are the stages in interphase

A

G1 stage: cell growth
S-stage: DNA synthesis
G2 stage: growth

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25
Q

what happens in G1 stage (cell growth)

A

new organelles and proteins are synthesized and the plasma membrane increases in size

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26
Q

what happens in S-stage (DNA synthesis)

A

each single chromosome produces an exact copy of itself by DNA replecation, forming a replicated chromosome (each copy is called a sister chromatid)

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27
Q

what happens in G2 stage (cell growth)

A

a second period of cell growth and final preparations for division

28
Q

draw a chromosome drawing and chromosome diagram

A

refer to page 70 of lab manual

29
Q

describe the the cells found in the meristematic region

A

they are usually small and thin walled and lack large vacuoles

30
Q

in the meristematic region what should the approximate ratios of different cells be

A

30 prophase
20 metaphase
10 anaphase
7 telophase
100 interphase

31
Q

how would you calculate the about of time that is spent in each stage

A

devide the number of cells in phase by the grand total number of cells counted and multiply the results by the munites it takes plant to complete cell cycle

32
Q

how is a blastodisc produced

A

by a fertilized fish egg that has undergone many divisions

33
Q

how are multicellular organisms though to have evolve from

A

through simpler unicellular organisms

34
Q

how would the the evolutionary progression of a unicellular to multi cellular organism progressed

A

from unicellular to colonial forms

35
Q

what is a colony

A

its comprised of individual cells or organisms that adhere to each other and may communicate with each other

36
Q

how did the transition from unicellular to colonial forms then later to multicellular organisms occur

A

-individual unicellular organisms devided by mitosis (accompanied by cytokinesis), but instead of separating from each other the daughter cells remained stuck together

-repeated mitotic division resulted in larger colonies

-the final series of evolution of multicellularity was the transition from colonial to multicellular organism

37
Q

how does multicellular compare to colonial multi cellular organisms

A

multicellular organisms are single organisms that have specilizeed cells that preform different functions

38
Q

where are concentrations higher in cells or around

A

the concentration of solutes are often higher in the cell than outside

39
Q

what is trigor pressure

A

in plant cells the water into the cell causes the central vacuole to increase in volume which pushes the plasma membrane out

40
Q

what prevents the plasma membrane from bursting when water defuses into the cell

A

the elastic but ridged cell wall

41
Q

what is plasmolysis

A

if water leaves the plant cell and the central vacuole decreases in volume as it looses water. as a result the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall

42
Q

what does plasmolysis result in

A

the wilting in plant tissue

43
Q

what does the term wilted apply to

A

plant tissue not the individual cells

44
Q

plants that are wilted are…

A

plasmolysed

45
Q

what is the pyrenoid

A

contained withing the choloroplast and responsible for the synthesis of starch from sugars produced by photosynthesis

46
Q

what us a chlamydomonas

A

it is a motile unicellular alga

47
Q

what things can you identify in a chlmydomonas

A

flagella
cell wall
plasma mem
nucleus
pyrenoid
cup chaped cloroplact
eye spot

48
Q

what is a gonium

A

a simple colonial alga

49
Q

how are multi cellular organisms held together

A

in a simple flat or curved plate by a gelatinous matrix

50
Q

how many flagella does each cell of the colony have

A

two

51
Q

how many cells make up a colony

A

the number is genetically predetermined and varies with species

52
Q

how do adjacent colony cells communicate with each other

A

via slender cytoplasmic bridges

53
Q

what does slender cytoplasmic bridges allow for

A

communication between adjacent cells allows for the coordination of flagellar movement which propels the colony towards the light

54
Q

while each individual cell of the colony is in communication with the others there is no…

A

division of labour among cells

55
Q

what things should you be able to identify in a gonium colony

A

cell
gelatinous matrix
eyespot
flagella (if seen)

56
Q

how is is belived that the gonium arose from

A

from the chlamydomonas type cells which divided repetitively (by mitosis) and adhered to each other via a gelatinous matrix

57
Q

what is a eudorina

A

a colonial alga

58
Q

how can you think of eudorina structure compared to gonium

A

if you can imagine that the edges of a gonium colony joined up so that the colony is now a ball of cells, with flagella directed outward, you would have an alga simular to eudorina

59
Q

how would you examine eudorina under a microscope

A

turn the light on to low magnification and watch the rolling motion

60
Q

what structures should you be able to spot on a eudorina cell

A

cell
gelatinous matrix

61
Q

what is a volvox

A

a multicellular alga

62
Q

how would you examine a slide for volvox

A

-examine under 4x objective w out a cover slip
-find large, hollow spherical orgainism which swims with rolling motion
-keep slide stationary with ligh sourse on and watch them move into field of view
-then apply cover slip and look under 40x

63
Q

what are the small green spheres you may see in some volvox

A

they are daughter organisms which is a result of asexual reproduction

64
Q

what are the two types of of cells volvox has

A

somatic cells and reproductive cells

65
Q

what do somatic cells in the volvox do

A

they make up the wall of the organism

biology 120 (15 decks)

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