Chapter 1 pt.2 Flashcards
What is the Latency stage
where sexual feelings remain unconscious and children typically prefer playmates of their own sex
What is the Genital stage
the final stage that begins with biological changes that come with adolescence, the adolescents desire sexual gratification through sexual relations with a partner
What are 3 criticisms of Freuds work
- He developed his theories based off contacts with adult patients, not by observing children directly
- He might have guided patients into expressing ideas that confirmed his views
- his work lacks a consideration for socio-political influences on gender inequalities
Who modified and advanced Freuds work by extending his stages of development to include the adult years
Erik Erikson
What did Eriks theory focus on
It focuses on the development of emotional life and psychological traits, and social relationships (psychosocial rather than psychosexual)
What is Classical Conditioning
when an originally neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus enough times that the neutral stimulus brings the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (dog salivating experiment)
What is Operant Conditioning
when an individual learns to either continue or stop a behaviour due to its consequences
B.F. Skinner introduced “Reinforcement,” what are “reinforcers”
stimuli that are intended to increase the frequency of the behaviour they follow (like attention or approval of parents)
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcers
Positive = increase the frequency of behaviours when they are applied
Negative = increase the frequency pf behaviours when they are removed
What is “extinction”
Extinction results when an operant behaviour is no longer reinforced
What is Albert Bandura well known for
his theory of observational learning (modelling)
ex. if a child see’s someone hit another person on TV, they might do the same
What is the Social Cognitive Theory
a cognitive oriented theory that emphasizes observational learning
What do cognitive theorists focus on
They focus on peoples mental processes
What is the “Cognitive-developmental Theory” and who was it advanced by
A theory that suggests that children’s abilities to mentally represent the world and solve problems are a result of the interaction of experience and the maturation of neurological structures
Advanced by Jean Piaget
What 3 Concepts did Piaget use to describe and explain cognitive development
Schemas, Adaptation, Assimilation, Accommodation, and Equilibration
