Chapter 7 (notes)

Question 1

How do children bodies change compared to when they were infants?

Answer 1

At infancy they grew very fast, but now it is slowed down
They are more slender now (lost baby fat) and body proportions are similar to adults.
Muscles get bigger and bones become stronger.
Sensory organs continue to develop

Question 2

At childhood, how much do they grow annually and how much does their weight increase annually (in cm/kg)

Answer 2

About 5-8 cm per year and 2-3 kg per year

Question 3

By age 2, what percentage of their brain is of an adults brain (weight), and what is the percentage at the age of 5

Answer 3

By age 2, 70% is adult weight and 90% by age 5 (doesn’t mean they work the same tho)

Question 4

How many hours a week do children spend on gross motor skills

Answer 4

25+ hours per week

Question 5

What is a skill kids should be able to do at 2, 3 and 4 years (one for each)

Answer 5

2 years = climb up the stairs (with help)
3 years = balance on one leg
4 years = go down the stairs and skip on a skipping rope

Question 6

What is a skill children should be able to do and 5 and 6 years (one for each)

Answer 6

5 years = catch a ball
6 years = ride a bike

Question 7

What are the 4 drawing stages

Answer 7

1. Scribbles
2. Single units (squares, circles)
3. Differentiated figures (drawing other shapes of things they see)
4. Integrated whole (3D)

Question 8

Compared to infancy, how are children diets changed?

Answer 8

They need less for now, because they aren’t growing as fast now. The child also usually decides how much they want to eat

Question 9

Why is our generation called “Generation XL”

Answer 9

because children are 1/3 at risk of becoming overweight (14%) and obese (6%)

Question 10

Why does “bed wetting” occur

Answer 10

because children might not understand the cues for needing to pee

Question 11

Why are major illnesses in children less common now

Answer 11

because there are advances in medication and immunization. We have more access to it

Question 12

In developing countries, how many kids die every year to illness

Answer 12

8-9 million every year

Question 13

What is the leading cause of death in Canadian children and why?

Answer 13

Accidents- because kids have a high level of energy + curiosity + lack of judgement. But car accidents are the most “common”

Question 14

What are the risks of a child receiving second-hand smoke

Answer 14

Ear infections
Asthma
Cough
Lung infections
SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)

Question 15

What stage (Piaget) do children go through at this age and why

Answer 15

Preoperational Stage = “pre-operational” meaning they don’t know operations yet (organized/formal/logical/mental processes)

Question 16

What is something that is important for development in this stage (pre-operational)

Answer 16

Pretend play - helps with academic performance, creativity, and social skills

An imaginary friend is a good thing (before, parents would think that its weird)

Question 17

Another key factor in the Preoperational stage is Egocentrism, explain this and why

Answer 17

Kids are not selfish, but don’t have the ability to put themselves in others shoes

Question 18

Another factor in the preoperational stage is “precausal thought”, what does this mean

Answer 18

that kids don’t understand “causality” they just assume it

Question 19

What is Vygotsky’s “Sociocultural Theory”

Answer 19

Social interaction is the key to cognitive development. He valued positions of teachers (supporting kids)

Question 20

What is “Scaffolding” and the “Zone of Proximal Development”

Answer 20

Scaffolding = breaking up learning into chunks and providing structure and learning each one at a time

ZPD = the things children can do with help

Question 21

Before __ ______, children should not be exposed to screens

Answer 21

2 years

Question 22

How much screen time does the “Canadian Paediatric Society” recommend for children, and how much hours to children actually spend on screen time

Answer 22

They recommend less than 1 hour per day, but children spend an average of 2 hours per day

Question 23

What are 4 problems with kids using too much screen time for educational purposes

Answer 23

1. they might not be able to understand and process the content
2. they might struggle to separate reality and fantasy
3. less time spend on physical activity and social interaction
4. less time for family interaction

Question 24

What is Metamemory

Answer 24

When children start to use strategies to remember (by age 5)

Question 25

What is “phonological awareness” and what helps with it?

Answer 25

understanding the sounds of our language, nursery rhymes help (understanding the ends of words and rhymes)