Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Child Development > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Systems Theory

A

Development occurs within a system of interacting levels
-Environment, behavior, neural activity and genetic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Epigenesis

A

any functional change in the genome that does not involve an alteration in the DNA sequence
-gene expression
-does not change DNA code but can be passed on through generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Rat grooming experiment

A

-high grooming moms offspring have lower stress response and become HG mom
-low grooming moms offspring have higher stress response and become LG moms
-Methylation prevents gene from creating receptors causing poor regulation of stress
-methylation is equal at birth and by day 6 demethylation in high groomed pups occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Genotype environment theory

A

PASSIVE EFFECTS
when genetically related parents provide a rearing environment for their child
EVOCATIVE EFFECTS
when a child elicits responses from others that are influenced by his/her genotype
ACTIVE EFFECTS
When a child’s genotype influences the types of environments he/she selects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Conduct disorders

A

-difficulty with self-regulation combined with fear or anger which leads to dysregulated behavior
-emerge by 8 years: more common in boys
-onset before age 10 = more aggressive
-result of genetics and antisocial family members, deviant peers, inconsistent discipline, parental insensitivity, family stress
-treatment: consequence behavior therapy
-family oriented treatment most effective
-associated with low MAOA activity (can mediate affects if high activity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Multisensory effects

A

QUESTION: do baby ducks recognize species specific maternal call
-originally seen to have innate preference but they just listen to the call while in egg and develop that preference during prenatal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the 5 stages of brain development

A
  1. Formation of the Neural Tube
  2. Neurogenesis
  3. Migration
  4. Differentiation
  5. Cell and Synaptic Pruning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Formation of the Neural Tube

A

-Occurs 18-24 days after conception
-flat neural plate folds to create tube
-failure to properly close can cause birth defects (spina bifida)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neurogenesis

A

-Neurons form in one small region of neural tube
-10-28 weeks after conception
-4000 neurons/sec at peak
-New neurons are typically not formed after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Migration

A

-Neurons move to permanent locations in the brain - via glial cells
-faulty migration associated with various disorders (Cerebral palsy or epilepsy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Differentiation

A

NEURONS
-grow in size
-produce more dendrites and longer axons
-become specialized

SYNAPTOGENESIS
-process in which synapses form begins

INCREASED MYELINATION
-fatty sheath that protects and covers axons
-speeds conduction velocity
-reduces leakage of electrical impulses
-occurs early in infancy and up until early adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cell and Synaptic Pruning

A

-Removal of neurons and synapses that are not being used
-results in increased efficiency in remaining neurons/synapses
-“use it or loss it” phenomenon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prenatal Hearing

A

-At 16 weeks gestation, a developing fetus perceives sound outside womb through fluid-filled ears
-fetus learns focal rhythms and patterns which prepares them to perceive sounds in their native language
-mostly hear the mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Should parents read to their prenatal “students”?

A

no evidence to suggest that this stimulates brain development
-music is a stimulating pattern but only rhythm is filtered into the embryonic fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Newborns of deaf parents

A

-No evidence that hearing children of deaf parents experience language delay (5-10 hours of exposure/week sufficient)
-demonstrate same auditory preferences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

DeCasper & spence Dr.Seuss study

A

-mothers instructed to read Dr.Seuss out loud while pragnant
-after birth, newborns prefer listening to Dr.seuss over other stories and prefer their mothers voice over other readers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Prenatal tasting study

A

-3 groups of women who planned to breastfeed
A. drink carrot juice 4 days a week in the last 3 weeks of 3rd trimester, switch to water after birth
B. Drink water during 3rd trimester, switch to carrot juice after birth
C. Control group: just water
-When babies were started solid goods, given cereal made with water or carrot juice
-infants exposed to carrot juice showed fewer negative facial expressions and enjoyed carrot cereal more

18
Q

Facial movements of fetus studied in Utero: prenatal tasting

A

-used 4D ultrasound scans
-moms given flavored capsules: carrot (non-bitter) or kale (bitter)
-control group: not given anything
-Kale made grimacing face
-carrot smiled

19
Q

Teratogens

A

Agent that causes abnormal prenatal development

20
Q

Thalidomide

A

-sedative prescribed for morning sickness in 1950s
-babies born with deformities in arms, legs, hands, fingers
-10,000 infants affected before it was pulled from market
-Dr.Kelsey, medical officer of health for US FDA in 1960 refused approval

21
Q

Diseases effect on development

A

-Can pass through placenta and attack the fetus directly
Eg Cytomegalovirus (Type of Herpes), rubella, syphilis, Zika
-May attack at birth from the lining of the birth canal
Eg Genital herpes, AIDS, zika

22
Q

Nicotine

A

-constricts blood vessels and thus decreases oxygen and nutrient flow to fetus through the placenta
-increased risk of miscarriages, premature births, prolonged developmental impacts
- children show impaired cognitive skills, delayed language, behavioral problems
- Adolescents show impaired memory

23
Q

Alcohol

A

FASD: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
-broader categorization
FAS: Fetal Alcohol syndrome

24
Q

FAS

A

-Women who drank at least 5 ounces per week during pregnancy
-Slow growth, heart problems, characteristic facial features (small head, thin upper lip, short nose, wide spaced eyes)
-Actual brain damage prenatally causing cognitive deficits

25
Q

What amount is safe to drink

A

Problem: self-reports
Genetic: Protective factors
Individual differences: how they react to alcohol
cautionary approach: none

26
Q

What are the main 6 neonatal reflexes

A

-The rooting reflex
-the moro reflex
-the grasping reflex
-the babinski reflex
-the stepping reflex
-the tonic-neck reflex

27
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

Sucking in response to being touched at the cheek or around mouth

28
Q

Moro Reflex

A

Startle response to sudden loss of support, typically consisting of arms spreading out, arms pulling in and crying

29
Q

Grasping reflex

A

Reflex of the hand to grasp when touched

30
Q

Babinski reflex

A

dorsiflexion of the toe and spreading out of toes in response to touch along foot

31
Q

Stepping reflex

A

When feet feels a solid surface, legs move automatically

32
Q

Tonic-neck reflex

A

Position of infants arms and head that resembles a fencing pose
-disappears around 4 months of age

33
Q

Are neonatal actually imitating facial expression?

A

-Meltzoff and moore, 1977 claimed neonates can imitate facial expressions
-subsequent studies have failed to replicate the findings
-Suomi et al. showed that neonatal imitation can be seen in mother-reared monkeys
-current interpretation: likely a reflex, that helps to establish emotional bonds with caregivers

34
Q

Crying

A

-Typical newborns cry for 2-3 hours/day
- Basic cry, mad cry, pain cry

35
Q

Basic cry

A

starts softly and gradually becomes more intense - typically in response to hunger or fatigue

36
Q

Mad cry

A

More intense

37
Q

Pain Cry

A

sudden, long shriek, followed by a long pause, the gasping

38
Q

Strategies for neonates crying

A

-Age 0-3 months: attend to baby and check for signs of discomfort
-After 3 months: let baby cry and learn to self-soothe

39
Q

Shaken Baby Syndrome

A

-Abusive head trauma sustained by an infant because of rough shaking
-Often to stop baby form crying
-damage in 5 sec
-Infants have soft brains and weak neck muscles, when shaken brain hits skull causing bleeding bruising and swelling - brain cells lack oxygen and die causing permanent brain damage
-impulsive act by exhausted/frustrated caregiver

40
Q

Harlow’s Infant Attachment Experiment

A

-Monkey spent 17-18 hours on comfort robot and 1 hour feeding
-Evolutionary drive teaches us to seek comfort when food stores are low

41
Q

Kangaroo Care

A

-method of care for preterm infants
-diaper-clad infant held skin to skin against mother’s breast under mothers clothes with blanket
-Causes regular heart rate, better sleep and better lactation for mothers

Child Development (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions