Chapter 6

Question 1

Schemes

Answer 1

-actions or mental representations that organize knowledge
-behavioral schemes characterize infancy
-mental schemes develop in childhood

Question 2

Assimilations

Answer 2

occurs when children incorporate new information into their existing schemes

Question 3

Accomodation

Answer 3

occurs when children adjust their schemes to fit new information and experiences

Question 4

Organization

Answer 4

the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system

Question 5

Equilibration

Answer 5

a mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next
-shift occurs as children experience cognitive conflict or disequilibrium
-solving conflict returns to equilibrium

Question 6

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 6

Birth to 2 years
-infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical, motoric actions

Question 7

Object permanence

Answer 7

the understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen

Question 8

Core Knowledge approach

Answer 8

states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems involving space, number sense, object permanence and language

Question 9

Preoperational Stage

Answer 9

2 to 7 years
-children begin to represent the world with words, images and drawings
-symbolic thought goes beyond simple connections of sensory information and physical action

Question 10

Egocentrism

Answer 10

the inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective

Question 11

Animism

Answer 11

-limitation of preoperational stage
-the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

Question 12

Centration

Answer 12

a centering of attention on one characteristics to the exclusion of all others

Question 13

Conservation

Answer 13

the awareness that altering an object’s or a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties

Question 14

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 14

7-11
logical reasoning replaces intuitive reasoning as long as the reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples
-can perform classification, seriation, transitivity

Question 15

Seriation

Answer 15

the ordering of stimuli along a quantitative dimension

Question 16

Transitivity

Answer 16

the ability to reason about and logically combine relationships

Question 17

Formal operational stage

Answer 17

11 to 12
-individuals move beyond concrete experience and think in abstract and more logical ways

Question 18

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Answer 18

they develop hypotheses and systematically deduce which is the best path to follow in solving problems

Question 19

Adolescent Egocentrism

Answer 19

The heightened self-consciousness of adolescents which is reflected in their belief that others are as interested in them as they are themselves

Question 20

Imaginary Audience

Answer 20

the aspect of adolescent egocentrism that involves feeling one is the center of everyone’s attention and sensing that one is on stage

Question 21

Personal fable

Answer 21

the part of adolescent egocentrism that involves an adolescent sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility

Question 22

Danger invulnerability

Answer 22

adolescents sense of indestructibility and tendency to take on physical risks

Question 23

Psychological invulnerability

Answer 23

an adolescents felt invulnerability related to personal or psychological distress

Question 24

Ways Paget’s theory can be applied to teaching children

Answer 24

1. Take a constructivist approach
2. Facilitate rather than direct learning
   3.Consider the child’s knowledge and level of thinking
3. promote the student’s intellectual health
4. Turn the classroom into a setting of exploration and discovery

Question 25

Criticisms of Piaget’s theroy

Answer 25

-Inaccurate estimates of children’s competence
-Stages
-Effects of training
-Culture and education

Question 26

Neo-piagetians

Answer 26

Argue that Piaget got come things right but his theory needs revision
-more accurate portrayal of children’s thinking requires attention to children’s strategies
-division of problems into smaller more precise steps

Question 27

Vygotsky’s Theory

Answer 27

-emphasized that children actively construct their knowledge and understanding
-develop their ways of thinking and understanding primarily through social interaction

Question 28

Zone of proximal development

Answer 28

the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but that can be learned with guidance and assistance of adults or more-skilled children

Question 29

Scaffolding

Answer 29

changing the level of support based on the child’s current performance

Question 30

Vygotsky’s Teaching strategies

Answer 30

1. assess the child’s ZPD
2. use the child’s ZPD in teaching
3. use more-skilled peers as teachers
4. monitor and encourage children’s use of private speech
5. Place instruction in a meaningful context
   6.Transform the classroom with Vygotskian ideas

Question 31

Social constructivist approach

Answer 31

emphasizes the social context of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction