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Child Development > Week 12 > Flashcards

Week 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Piaget’s Stages of moral development

A

PREMORAL STAGE (2-4 YEARS)
- Moral sensibility not yet developed

MORAL REALISM (5-7 YEARS)
- Rules must be followed; cannot be changed
- Immanent Justice: breaking a rule always leads to punishment
- Severity of punishment = importance of rule
- Heteronomous morality: others determine rules and punishment

MORAL RELATIVISM (8-10 YEARS AND BEYOND)
- Rules = arbitrary guidelines created by people to help people get along
- Autonomous morality: morality based on free will

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2
Q

View of piagets theory of moral development today

A
  • Underestimate young children’s ability
  • moral reasoning progresses through stages through concurrent cognitive development
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3
Q

Development of Kohlberg’s theory

A

Uses moral dilemmas to analyze how moral reasoning changes with age

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4
Q

Moral dilemma

A

situations in which any action leads to a negative consequence

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5
Q

Levels of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

A

LEVEL 1: PRECONVENTIONAL
Stage 1: Obedience orientation
- follow the rules, punished if you break them
Stage 2: Instrumental Orientation
- Naively egocentric; ok to act to satisfy a need

LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL
Stage 3: Interpersonal Norms
- Good-boy-good-girl orientation; act according to other people’s expectations
Stage 4: Social system morality
- Law & order exists for the good of everyone

LEVEL 3: POST CONVENTIONAL
Stage 5: Social contract orientation
- Balance individuals need with society’s needs
Stage 3: Universal ethical principles orientation
- Personal morality based on justice, compassion, equality

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6
Q

Evaluation on Kohlbergs theory

A
  • Variability within individuals depending on the context
  • Culture specific (Judeo-Christian)
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7
Q

Cultural differences in social lies

A

“What should you do if your friend is a horrible speller, but wants to join the spelling team?”
- In Canada, children 7-11 lie for friend
- In china, children 7-11 lie for the collective

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8
Q

Gilligan’s Ethic of Caring

A

Women have a “care” orientation
-Value relationship among people instead of justice

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9
Q

Prosocial Behaviour in infancy

A
  • Newborns cry in response to hearing other babies crying
  • By 3 months, infants prefer prosocial characters over antisocial characters
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10
Q

In the inanimate object prosocial behaviour test, do infants like the helpers or dislike the hinderers?

A
  • 6 month old infants like prosocial characters and dislike antisocial characters
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11
Q

Is a preference for helpers true prosocial behaviour

A

By 18 months, infants help others to achieve their goals

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12
Q

Prosocial behaviour in children

A
  • More understanding of other’s intentions and more complex ways to help
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13
Q

Empathy

A

ability to experience another person’s feelings

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14
Q

Perspective-talking

A

Ability to understand another person’s thoughts

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15
Q

Moral reasoning

A

Reward and punishment

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16
Q

Social influences on prosocial behaviour

A
  • Vygotsky: learning occurs in the social plane
  • Modelling: observe adults behaving altruistically
  • Disciplinary practices: responsive parents
  • Opportunities: are children asked to help around the house
17
Q

Cultural Differences in the development of prosocial behaviour

A

18 month olds retrieve objects out of reach in India more than Germany
- Autonomy encouraged

18
Q

Temptation resistance paradigm

A
  • Playing guessing game: “what do you think it is”
  • Adult leaves the room: “Don’t peek while I’m gone”
  • Upon returning ask: “did you peak?”

RESUTLS
- Most children peek
- Children older than 4 lied

19
Q

Can adults tell if children are lying

A

Adults cannot detect liars
- ability to detect improves when children engage in moral reasoning tasks or “promise to tell the truth”
- Cannot detect liars in mock testimonies
Truth bias

20
Q

Prosocial behaviour in animals

A

at 5 to 8 human years chimps will retrieve objects for humans
-limited in more complex situations

21
Q

Evolutionary explanation of prosocial behaviour

A

Prosocial behaviours provide a survival advantage
-epigenetic mechanism

22
Q

Biological factors of prosocial behaviour

A

Genetic Influence: MZ twins are more similar in prosocial behaviours than DZ twins
- Indirect genetic influences include temperament and imitation
Biological mechanisms: oxytocin associated with empathy, nurturance, affiliation, cooperation

23
Q

How do we increase oxytocin

A

Intranasal spray
- increased empathy and trust
- decreases symptoms of anxiety, depression, autism
Listening to music
Interacting with animals
Social interactions: breastfeeding in moms, touch and warm temps

24
Q

Prosocial behaviour in children

A
  • More understanding of other’s intentions & complex ways to help
  • empathy
  • Perspective taking
  • moral reasoning
25
Q

Traditional Consequences of Antisocial behaviour

A
  • Sent to the principal’s Office
  • Detention
  • A call to parents
  • Suspension or expulsion
26
Q

Talking Circles

A
  1. Conflict
  2. Allow quiet time to calm down
  3. Talking circle: talk calmly, with teachers as guides, about their thoughts and feelings
  4. Reach a resolution of understanding
  5. Handshake
27
Q

Aggression

A
  • Behaviour meant to harm others
  • Damage, injury, disregard for rights of others
  • Goal directed actions to further legitimate interests of individuals they represent while respecting the rights of other persons
28
Q

Instrumental aggression

A

Child uses aggression to achieve an explicit goal
- 1 year

29
Q

Hostile Aggression

A

unprovoked aggression to intimidate harass or humiliate another
-elementary school

30
Q

Reactive aggression

A

in response to another child’s behavior
- elementary school

31
Q

Relational Aggression

A

Hurt others by undermining social relationships
- emerges with verbal mastery and improved cognitive skills

32
Q

Stability of Aggression

A
  • 6 month olds who bite/hit others are more likely to kick/hit peers to obtain toys at age 3
  • 6 year olds with disruptive classroom behaviour 4-5X more likely to have conduct disorder in adolescence
  • Children judged most aggressive by teachers were 12x more likely than least aggressive children to have a criminal change against them as young adults
  • High aggression more stable than lower aggression
33
Q

Risk Factors for aggression

A
  • Parenting: use of physical punishment, neglect in infancy, unresponsive, coercive, overly possessive, poor monitoring, family conflict
  • TV-watching: preschoolers who watch violent shows are more aggressive as teens
  • Peers
  • Academic Failure
  • Poverty
  • Culture of violence
34
Q

Are children inherently good

A
  • Prosocial behaviour emerges early (18 m)
  • Epigenetic mechanisms
  • Context impacts good and bad behaviour (familiarity with situation, societal conventions, opportunities for learning)
  • individual differences

Child Development (18 decks)

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