Chapter 1

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs and all other products of a specific group of people that are passed on from generation to generation

Question 2

Ethnicity

Answer 2

Rooted in culture heritage, nationality, race, religion and language

Question 3

Socioeconomic Status

Answer 3

a person’s position within society based on occupational, educational and economic characteristics

Question 4

Gender

Answer 4

the characteristic of people as males and females

Question 5

Individual characteristics of resilient children

Answer 5

-Good intellectual functioning
-Appealing, sociable, easygoing disposition
-Self-confidence, high self-esteem
-talents
-faith

Question 6

Family characteristics of resilient children

Answer 6

-Close relationship to caring parent figure
-authoritative parenting: warmth, structure, high expectations
-Socioeconomic advantages
-Connections to extend supportive family networks

Question 7

Extrafamilial context of resilient children

Answer 7

-Bonds to caring adults outside the family
-Connections to positive organization
-attending effective schools

Question 8

Biological Processes

Answer 8

Produce changes in an individual’s body

Question 9

Cognitive processes

Answer 9

lead to changes in an individual’s toughts, intelligence and language

Question 10

Socioemotional processes

Answer 10

produce changes in relationships with other people, emotions and personality

Question 11

Prenatal Period

Answer 11

Conception to birth
-single cell grows into fetus and then baby, complete with a brain and a vast range of capabilites

Question 12

Infancy

Answer 12

18-24 months
-psychological abilities are beginning

Question 13

Early Childhood

Answer 13

infancy to 5 or 6
-become more self sufficient

Question 14

Middle and late childhood

Answer 14

6-11
-children master fundamental skills of reading, writing and arithmetic
-exposed to larger world and its culture

Question 15

Adolescence

Answer 15

Transition from childhood to early-adulthood
-begins with rapid physical changes
-pursuit of independence and personality

Question 16

Cohort

Answer 16

a group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences as a result

Question 17

Continuity vs discontinuity

Answer 17

focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages

Question 18

Early-later experience issue

Answer 18

focuses on the degree to which early experience or later experience are the key determinants of the child’s development

Question 19

Def: theory

Answer 19

an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain and to make predictions

Question 20

Def: hypothesis

Answer 20

a specific testable assumption or prediction

Question 21

Psychoanalytic theories

Answer 21

describe development as primary unconscious and heavily colored by emotion
-emphasizes that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that te urunderstanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind

Question 22

Freud’s Theory of development

Answer 22

ORAL STAGE (birth to 1.5)
-infants pleasure centers on the mouth
ANAL STAGE (1.5 to 3)
-child’s pleasure focuses on the anus
PHALLIC STAGE (3 to 6)
-child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals
LATENCY STAGE (6 to puberty)
-Child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills
GENITAL STAGE (puberty onward)
-a time of sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family

Question 23

Stages of Erikson’s theory

Answer 23

Trust vs mistrust - first year
Autonomy vs shame and doubt - 1-3
Initiative vs guilt - 3-6
industry vs inferiority - 6 to puberty
identity vs identity confusion - 10-20
intimacy vs isolation - 20s,30s
generativity vs stagnation - 40s,50s
Integrity vs despair - 60s onward

Question 24

Cognitive theories

Answer 24

emphasize conscious thoughts

Question 25

Behavioral and social cognitive theories

Answer 25

emphasizes continuity and argues that development does not occur in stages
-Pavlovs classical conditioning
-skinners operant conditioning
-Banduras social cognitive theory

Question 26

Pavlov’s classical conditioning

Answer 26

a neural stimulus produces a response originally produced by another stimulus

Question 27

Operant conditioning

Answer 27

the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the future probability of the behavior

Question 28

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 28

states that behavior, environment and cognition are key factors in development

Question 29

Ethology

Answer 29

stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periords

Question 30

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory

Answer 30

-holds that development reflects the influence of several environmental systems
MICROSYSTM: setting which individual lives
MESOSYSTEM: relations between microsystems or connections between contexts
EXOSYSTEM: links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual’s immediate context
MACROSYSTEM: the culture in which individuals live
CHRONOSYSTM: the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life courses