Week 13

Question 1

What is social learning

Answer 1

Social learning = acquiring information from others
- Humans unique in that we can pass on information from one generation to the next

Question 2

Cultural transmission of knowledge study

Answer 2

MONKEYS
- 18 moth old Imo washed her potatoes in nearby stream
- 3 months later Imo’s mom and 2 playmates observed to be washing potatoes
- During next 2 years, 7 other youngsters observed
- 3 years after initial observation, 40% of troop was washing potatoes
- Was not social learning because speed of spread of behaviour did not increase as more members learned it

Question 3

Lyons et al. Puzzle box

Answer 3

• 4 steps demonstrated, only 2 necessary for goal
• Children age 3 - 5 years tend to use mimicry and over-imitate
• Genetic predisposition to pay attention to others

Question 4

Parenting styles demensions

Answer 4

1. Warmth and responsiveness
   - High: Openly warm and affectionate, involved with children, respond to emotional needs
   - Low: focused more on own needs, even sometimes hostile
2. Control
   - Efforts to set rules and impose limits on what children are allowed to do

Question 5

Authoritative Parenting style

Answer 5

Explain rules and encourage discussion
Impact: responsible, self-reliant, friendly, high academic achievement

Question 6

Authoritarian Parenting style

Answer 6

Rules are to be followed without discussion; respect and obedience
Impact: Unhappy, low self-esteem, often aggressive

Question 7

Permissive parenting style

Answer 7

Infrequent punishment, allow children to do what they want
Impact: Impulsive, little self-control

Question 8

Uninvolved parenting style

Answer 8

Provides for basic needs but little else
Impact: Most difficulty, poor academic performance, aggression

Question 9

Cultural differences in Parenting styles

Answer 9

• Hamilton: low depression ratings associated with positive parenting styles
• Asian Culture: Cooperation and collaboration more important than individualism (authoritarian parenting with positive outcome)
  -Latino Cultures: Respect for family; authoritarian
  -Low SES: More controlling and punitive

Question 10

Observational Learning

Answer 10

Includes counter-imitation: learning what should not be done

Question 11

Direct instruction

Answer 11

telling a child what to do when and why
- explain consequences

Question 12

Feedback

Answer 12

Reinforcement: increases recurrence of response
Punishment: decreases recurrence of response

Question 13

Negative reinforcement trap

Answer 13

When parents give in to complaining and whining with a compromise it reinforces that behaviour

Question 14

Use of physical punishment

Answer 14

• Children between the ages of 2-12 years
• not degrading, humiliating or harmful
• delivered when one is collected and not angered
• used to correct or teach child
  best when:
• administered directly after undesired behaviour
• consistent
• accompanied by explanation
• a warm affectionate relationship exists

Question 15

Punishment and extinction

Answer 15

• Skinner observed that punishment reduces behaviour only while punishing agent is present; behaviour continues when threat of punishment is removed
• better to praise because punishment is only effective if parents are watching