Systemic Inflammation

Question 1

first, systemic manifestations and co morbidities are the result of what?

Answer 1

“spill over” of the inflammatory and respiratory events occurring in the lungs

Question 2

second, the pulmonary manifestations are simply one form expression of what state?

Answer 2

“systemic” inflammatory state where there is multiple organ comprimise

Question 3

in the first view, how should therapies be used?

Answer 3

therapies should be primarily directed to the lungs

Question 4

in the second view, how should therapies be used?

Answer 4

therapies should be shifted to the systemic inflammatory state

Question 5

where are most treatments directed to?

Answer 5

the lungs

Question 6

when is systemic inflammation increased?

Answer 6

during exacerbations and is associated with a decline in lung function

Question 7

what cytokines have been linked to muscle weakness, skeletal muscle atrophy or cachexia?

Answer 7

IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and chemokines

Question 8

all cytokines except what, have increased plasma concentrations?

Answer 8

IL-1 beta

Question 9

what is leptin?

Answer 9

is an adipokine derived from fat cells
- regulates energy balance

Question 10

is leptin increased or decreased in patients with COPD?

Answer 10

it is decreased