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Product Design > 1.3 > Flashcards

1.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is material enhancement ?

A

A way of improving a material’s properties to better suit the requirements of the final product

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2
Q

What advantages do additives offer ?

A

Improved aesthetics / working properties

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3
Q

How do the additives process aids help ?

A

They help to make the polymer flow more easily into the mould

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4
Q

Example of process aids ?

A

Lubricants and thermal antioxidants

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5
Q

What is the purpose of lubricants as a process aids ?

A
  • The addition of wax or calcium stearate reduces viscosity of the molten polymer
  • ‘less sticky’
  • allows more intricate shapes to be formed
  • allows for a lower moulding temperature
  • lower temp means energy saved during manufacture
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6
Q

What is the use of thermal antioxidants as an additive?

A
  • prevents the polymer oxidising
  • prevents discolouration due to excessive heat during processing
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7
Q

What is an example of an additive to enhance the aesthetics ?

A

Pigments

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8
Q

What are pigments ?

A

Tiny particles that have been mixed into the polymer in its molten state to give colour to the final product

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9
Q

Examples of additives to enhance the function of a product ?

A
  • antistatics
  • flame retardants
  • plasticisers
  • fillers
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10
Q

What are anti statics ?

A

Insulating properties of plastic leads up to the buildup of static electrical charge attracting dust and dirt.

Use of anti statics improves the surface conductivity by attracting moisture from the room reduce the static charge

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11
Q

What are the types of fillers ?

A

Sawdust and wood flour
Mineral fillers

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12
Q

What is the purpose of saw dust and wood flour as a filler ?

A

Add bulk to the product - reducing the polymer used

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13
Q

What is the purpose of mineral fillers ?

A
  • chalk and clay and calcium carbonate
  • increase the thermal conductivity of the polymer - heat up and cool down faster - shorter mould cycle times
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14
Q

What is the purpose of a plasticiser ?

A
  • allow plastics to become less hard and brittle at normal temperatures - added to Ldpe so it can be breached and used for food film
  • help processing - polymers easily formed at high temperatures
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15
Q

What is the purpose of a biodegradable plasticiser ?

A
  • ensues flexibility of the polymer
  • softer and easily broken down - faster degration
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16
Q

What is the purpose of bio batch additives ?

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A
  • Oxy degradable , hydro degradable , photodegradable
  • help the degration from hundreds of years to a few years or months
17
Q

What is the purpose of antioxidants?

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A
  • help to reduce the deterioration due to exposure of oxygen in the air / environment
  • prevents brittleness , surface cracks , pigment discolouration
18
Q

What is a product that may use antioxidants?

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A
  • garden furniture
19
Q

What is the purpose of a uv light stabilisers ?

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A
  • prevent breaking of polymer chains due to uv light
  • prevents colour loss , brittleness
20
Q

Uses of uv stabilisers ?

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A
  • outdoor toys
  • garden furniture
  • sports stadium Seats
21
Q

What is the use of resins and laminations in wood enhancement ?

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A
  • used in engineered wood to enhance the properties of the usable parts of trees such as sawdust , wood chips and fibres
  • chipboard ( compressed wood chips with resin )
22
Q

What is the use of laminations in wood enhancements ?

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A
  • veneers such as a natural wood are laminated on the board surface to enhance aesthetics
23
Q

What is the use of preservatives in wood enhancements ?

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A
  • protect woods from insect and fungal attack
24
Q

What is the use of pigments in wood enhancement?

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A
  • give different shades - enhanced aesthetic
  • used on cheaper soft woods to look like hardwood
25
What material can be used to pretreat wood , that has excellent fungicidal properties?
- copper so a copper based preservative can be used to help protect the wooden plank
26
What is the use of modified natural polysaccharides in wood enhancement ?
- impregnated into the wood to cure wood cells - increased hardness and tough and stability
27
What is the use of fire retardant preservatives in wood enhancement ?
- under pressure making the pod harder and better resisting to high wear situations such as flooring
28
What is the use of structural composite lumber and laminated veneer Lambeth ?
- a stable wood billet can be produced through layers of the lumbers and resin to hold them together - prevents defects such as warping , splitting or shrinking and have greater load bearing properties
29
What is work hardening ?
cold worked metals - bending rolling or hammering - crystals within the natal is distorted and changed - improved tensile strength and hardness - prevention of atoms to flowing freely within the metal - less ductility and cracking in the worked area
30
How can the effects of work hardening be reversed ?
- annealing
31
What is annealing ?
- metal is heated and then very slowly cooled down - metal crystals grow and can move into place - ductile and less brittle - at a temperature controlled furnace or a brazing hearth at school
32
What is case hardening ?
- Hardening of steels with less than 0.4 percent carbon content - produced greater hardness , wear resistance on the surface
33
What are uses of case hardening ?
- vehicle cam shafts and gears and bearings and valves
34
Describe the process of case hardening ?
carbusing : - change of chemical composition on the surface - absorbs more carbon increasing hardness - steel is placed in a ceramic box which heats up to 950 degrees - when the steel is heated the carbon can diffuse into the material’s structure increasing carbon content - longer the thicker Quenching : - the hot metal is quenched in water - fast cooling process + seals the hard surface
35
How can steel be case hardened within a school workshop ?
- steel heated to red hot in a temperature controlled furnace or using a brazing torch - dipped in carbon powder and reheated - quenched in water bath - cold
36
What is meant by quenching ?
- rapid cooling of a heat treated metal
37
What is hardening ?
Medium and high carbon steel are heated to alter their crystalline structure making them harder - but increased brittleness
38
What is tempering ?
- a process for high and medium carbon steel to reduce excess hardness and increase toughness - increased ductility and lower brittleness
39
Describe the process of tempering ?
Metal is heated to a temp below the critical point for a given time and then slowly air cooled

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