13 The Biology of Learning And Memory

Question 1

pairing two stimuli changes the response to one of them

Answer 1

classical conditioning

Question 2

initially elicits no special response (sound from metronome

Answer 2

conditioning stimulus

Question 3

unconditioned stimulus automatically elicits an

Answer 3

unconditioned response (meat elicits salvation in dog)

Question 4

after several pairings of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, the dog begins making a new, learned response to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 4

conditioned response

Question 5

order of classical conditioning

Answer 5

CS, UCS, UCR, CR

Question 6

an individual’s response leads to a reinforcer or punisher

to weaken or strengthen a behavior

Answer 6

operant conditioning

Question 7

any event that increases the future probability of the response

Answer 7

reinforcer

Question 8

an event that suppresses the frequency of the response

Answer 8

punishment

Question 9

learning that occurs as result of observing the experience of others

Answer 9

observational learning

Question 10

the natural tendency to imitate the behavior of significant others

Answer 10

modeling

Question 11

phenomenon in which one avoids a certain food because it once made them sick

Answer 11

conditioned taste aversion

Question 12

classical conditioning reflects a strengthened connection between a ____ center and a ____ center in the brain

Answer 12

CS, UCS

Question 13

the physical representation of what has been learned

a connection between two brain areas

Answer 13

engram

Question 14

results of Lashley’s Search for the Engram

Answer 14

learning and memory did not depend entirely on connections across the cortex

Question 15

removing large portions of cerebral cortex:

Answer 15

learning does not depend on a single area of the cortex

the amount taken out mattered

Question 16

all parts of cortex contribute equally to learning, and any part of cortex can substitute for any other

Answer 16

equipotentialty

Question 17

the cortex works as a whole, and more cortex is better

Answer 17

mass action

Question 18

memory for events that just occured

Answer 18

short-term memory

Question 19

memory for events from further back

Answer 19

long-term memory

Question 20

short term capacity

Answer 20

limited

Question 21

long term capacity

Answer 21

does not

Question 22

events forgotten from short-term memory are

Answer 22

lost

Question 23

emotional experiences increase secretion of:

Answer 23

epinephrine and cortisol

Question 24

involves the way we store information while we’re working with it

Answer 24

working memory

Question 25

a common test of WM requires responding to something you saw or heard a short while ago

Answer 25

delayed response task

Question 26

_____ memory often impaired in older people probably results from changes in prefrontal cortex

Answer 26

working

Question 27

older humans who show declining memory show declining:

Answer 27

activity in prefrontal cortex

Question 28

H.M. had what removed

Answer 28

hippocampus from both hemishpheres

Question 29

H.M. was unable to form new ____ _____ memories

Answer 29

long term

Question 30

H.M. intellect and language we

Answer 30

unimpaired

Question 31

H.M. 's situation showed that the ______ was vital for forming new long term memories

Answer 31

hippocampus

Question 32

H.M. suffered massive ______ & ______amnesia

Answer 32

anterograde, retrograde

Question 33

inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage

Answer 33

anterograde amnesia

Question 34

loss of memory for events that occurred before brain damage version portrayed in movies

Answer 34

retrograde amnesia

Question 35

memory for specific events in your life

Answer 35

episodic memory

Question 36

ability to state a memory in words

Answer 36

declarative memory

Question 37

H.M. has better _____ memory

Answer 37

implicit

Question 38

memory involving a deliberate retrieval of information. you recognize it as a memory

Answer 38

explicit memory

Question 39

an influence pf recent experience on behavior. you do not recognize that influence

Answer 39

implicit memory

Question 40

development of motor skills and habits

Answer 40

procedural memory

Question 41

people with _____ damage have great difficulty learning new facts

Answer 41

hippocamal

Question 42

animal sees object the sample and then, after a delay, gets a choice between two objects

Answer 42

delayed matching-to-sample task

Question 43

animal sees object the sample and then, after a delay, gets a choice between two objects but must choose the object that is different from the sample

Answer 43

delayed nonmatching-to-sample task

Question 44

has eight or more arms, some of which have a reinforcer at the end

Answer 44

radial maze

Question 45

the hippocampus may be particularly important for remembering the ________ of an event

Answer 45

details and context

Question 46

the more consolidated a memory becomes the less it relies on the

Answer 46

hippocampus

Question 47

gradual learning over repeated experiences depends on the

Answer 47

basil ganglia

Question 48

hippocampus is more important for basal ganglia more important for

Answer 48

declarative procedural

Question 49

brain damage cause by prolonged thiamine deficiency (vitamin B1) often due to chronic alcoholism apathy, confusion, forgetting and confabulation

Answer 49

Korsakoff"s syndrome

Question 50

brain needs thiamine to

Answer 50

metabolize glucose

Question 51

prolonged thiamine deficency leads to ________ __ _____ of neurons throughout the brain

Answer 51

loss or shrinkage

Question 52

guessing to fillin memory gaps

Answer 52

confabulation

Question 53

disease associated with gradual loss of memory anf other cognitive functioning

Answer 53

Alzheimer's Disease

Question 54

AD patients have better

Answer 54

procedural than decarative

Question 55

clumps of beta amyloid that cluster among axon terminals leads to disrution of neural transmission

Answer 55

plaques

Question 56

result from abnormal contractions of the protien inside neurons lead to death of neurons

Answer 56

tangles

Question 57

genes controlling early onset AD cause protien _____ to accumulate both inside and outside neurons

Answer 57

amyloid beta

Question 58

treatments for AD

Answer 58

no drug is highly effective | most common is to stimulate acetylcholine receptors or prolong acetylcholine release- results in increase arousal

Question 59

appear to lack ability to elaborate on a memory spontaneously piece info together

Answer 59

parietal lobe damage

Question 60

loss of certain types of semantic memory results from damage in the anterior and inferior regions of the temporal lobe some patients can't identify living things

Answer 60

semantic dementia

Question 61

cells in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex respond based on _________ ______, based on past experience

Answer 61

the reward to be expected

Question 62

cells in the oribtofrontal cortex respond based ___________ to other possible choices

Answer 62

on how that reward compares

Question 63

a synapse that increases in effectiveness because of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

Answer 63

Hebbian synapse

Question 64

Hebbian synapse is critical for many kinds of:

Answer 64

associative learning

Question 65

touch and vigorously withdraws irritated structure

Answer 65

withdrawl response

Question 66

a decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no charge in other stimuli sensory neurons are failing to excite motor neurons as it previously did

Answer 66

habituation

Question 67

an increase in response to mild stimuli as a result of exposure to more intense stimuli

Answer 67

sensitzation

Question 68

the presynaptic neuron continues releasing its neurotransmitter for longer than usual

Answer 68

result of sensitization

Question 69

occurs when one or more axons connected to a dendrite bombard it with brief but rapid series of stimuli increase in synaptic strength resulting from the simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron

Answer 69

long term potentiation

Question 70

specificity, cooperativity, associativity

Answer 70

three properties of LTP

Question 71

only synapses onto a cell that have been highly active become strengthened

Answer 71

specificity

Question 72

simultaneous stimulation by 2 or more axons produces LTP much more strongly than does repeated stimulation by a single axon

Answer 72

cooperativity

Question 73

pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later responses to a weak input

Answer 73

associativity

Question 74

opposite change that occurs in the hippocampus and cerebellum one synapse strengthens while the other weakens

Answer 74

long-term depression

Question 75

types of glutamate receptors

Answer 75

AMPA | NMDA

Question 76

typical iontropic receptor that opens sodium channels

Answer 76

AMPA

Question 77

its response to glutamate depends on degree of polarization across the membrane leads to action potential and depolarization of cell

Answer 77

NMDA

Question 78

the ion channel is blocked by

Answer 78

magnesium ions

Question 79

NMDA channels opens only if the

Answer 79

magnesium leaves