5 & 6 Development & Plasticity of the Brain & Vision

Question 0

Movement of cells after they have differentiated as neurons

Answer 0

Migration

Question 1

Production of new cells

Answer 1

Proliferation

Question 2

Process whereby neuron forms it’s axons and dendrites

Answer 2

Differentiation

Question 3

Process by which glia produce insulating fatty sheaths that accelerate transmission

Answer 3

Mylination

Question 4

Formation of synapses

Answer 4

Synagptogenesis

Question 5

Chemical that promotes survival and activity of neurons

Answer 5

Neurotrophin

Question 6

Voluntary eye movement away from normal direction

Improves as you get older

Answer 6

Antisaccade task

Question 7

If it’s axon does not make contact with an appropriate post synaptic cell by a certain age, the neuron kills itself

Answer 7

Apoptosis

Question 8

Stimulation on one finger excited mostly or entirely the same cortical area as another finger

Musicians cramp

Answer 8

Focal hand dystonia

Question 9

Temporary loss of blood flow to a brain area

Answer 9

Stroke

Question 10

Result of blood clot or other obstruction in an artery

Answer 10

Ischemia stroke

Question 11

Less common

Result of ruptured artery, neurons are flooded with blood and excess oxygen, calcium, and chemicals

Answer 11

Hemorrhage

Question 12

Accumulation of fluid which increases pressure on brain and probability of additional strokes

Answer 12

Edema

Question 13

The region surrounding the immediate damage in a stroke

Answer 13

Cells in the penumbra

Question 14

The decreases activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons

Because activity in once area stimulated another areas damage to the brain disrupts patterns of normal stimulation

Answer 14

Diaschisis

Question 15

A destroyed cell body can not be replaced, damaged axons do grow back under certain circumstances

Answer 15

The re growth of axons

Question 16

After loss of a set of axons, cells that lost their source of innervation react by secreting neurotrophins to induce other axons to form new branches

Answer 16

Collateral sprouts

Question 17

Heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon

Answer 17

Denervation supersensitivity

Question 18

Heightened sensitivity as a result of inactivity by an incoming axon

Answer 18

Disuse supersensitivity

Question 19

A continuing sensation of an amputated body part can range from tingling to intense pain

Answer 19

Phantom limb

Question 20

A limb that has lost its sensory input

You can you the arm you just choose not to

Answer 20

Deafferented limbs

Question 21

After information reaches your nervous system you encode it. you store the information in terms of responses by neurons in these ways:

Answer 21

Which neurons respond
Their amount of response
Timing of their responses

Question 22

Whatever excise a particular nervous establishes a special kind of energy unique to let nerve

Answer 22

Law of specific nerve energies

Question 23

Center of the iris

Answer 23

Pupil

Question 24

Rear surface of the

Answer 24

Retina

Question 25

Located closer to the center of the Eye receive messages from receptors at back of the eye

Answer 25

Bipolar cells

Question 26

Locate is still closer to the center of the eye, receives messages from bipolar cells

Answer 26

Ganglion cells

Question 27

The exile gangly on cells join one other to form the optic nerve the travels to the

Answer 27

Brain

Question 28

Additional cells that get information from bipolar cells and send it to other bipolar cells, other amacrine cells, and ganglion cells

Answer 28

Amacrine cells

Question 29

Has no receptors

Answer 29

Blind spot

Question 30

Tiny area specialized from acute, detailed vision | Packed tightly with receptors

Answer 30

Fovea

Question 31

When trying to focus on something small on the ground focus on the

Answer 31

Fovea

Question 32

Ganglion cells in fovea of humans and primates

Answer 32

Midget ganglion cells

Question 33

Greater perception in fainter light

Answer 33

Peripheral vision

Question 34

Abundant in periphery of retina | Respond to faint light, not useful in bright light

Answer 34

Rods

Question 35

Abundant in and near fovea, less active in dim light, more useful in Bright light and essential for color vision

Answer 35

Cones

Question 36

Chemicals and both the rods and cones are released energy was struck by light

Answer 36

Photo pigments

Question 37

Ratio of rods to cones

Answer 37

120 million : 6 million per retina

Question 38

Propose that we perceive color by comparing responses across a few types of receptors each of which was sensitive to a different range of wavelengths

Answer 38

The Trichromatic Young Helmoholtz Theory

Question 39

Propose we perceive color through the relative rates of responses by three kinds of cones each kind maximally sensitive to a different set of wavelengths Short wavelength medium wavelength and long wavelength cone types

Answer 39

Young Helmoholtz Theory

Question 40

We perceive color in terms of opposites

Answer 40

Red to green Yellow to blue White to black

Question 41

Ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting

Answer 41

Color consistency

Question 42

You perceived differences and brightness when there are none, perception of brightness of object requires comparing it to other objects

Answer 42

Brightness consistency

Question 43

The cortex compares information from various parts of the retina to determine the brightness and color for each area

Answer 43

Retinex theory

Question 44

Some people lack one or two of the types of cones | Some people have three kinds of cones but one is abnormal

Answer 44

Color vision deficiency

Question 45

most ganglion cells axons go to _____ the part of the thalamus specialized for visual perception

Answer 45

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 46

The reduction of activity and one there I'm by activity in neighboring neurons Main function is to sharpen contrast to emphasize the borders of objects

Answer 46

Lateral inhibition

Question 47

Part of the visual field that excites or inhibits it | each cell the visual system of the brain has one

Answer 47

Receptive field

Question 48

Have small cell bodies and small receptive fields located mainly in or near fovia Well-suited to detect visual details also respond to color

Answer 48

Parvocellular neurons

Question 49

Have a larger cell bodies and receptive fields and are distributed evenly throughout the retina Not color sensitive, respond strongly to moving stimuli and to large overall patterns but not to detail

Answer 49

Magnocellular neurons

Question 50

Have small cell bodies but occur throughout the retina Have several functions and their axons terminate in several locations

Answer 50

Konicellular neurons

Question 51

Primary visual cortex | Also known as area V1

Answer 51

Located in optical cortex

Question 52

People was damaged Area V1 | Blindsight

Answer 52

Ability to respond to visual stimuli that they report that not seeing it

Question 53

Has receptive field with six excitatory and inhibitory zones

Answer 53

Simple cell

Question 54

Located in areas V1 & V2- does not respond to exact location of the stimulus. responds to pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive fields

Answer 54

Complex cells

Question 55

Resembles complex cells but has a strong inhibitory area at one end of its bar shaped receptive field Border beyond which the cell ceases fire

Answer 55

End stopped cell (hypercomolex)

Question 56

Neurons that indicates the presence of a particular feature

Answer 56

Feature detectors

Question 57

Receives information from primary visual cortex, processes is further, and transmit it two additional areas

Answer 57

Secondary visual cortex (area V2)

Question 58

Where pathway | Visual path in parietal cortex

Answer 58

Dorsal stream

Question 59

What pathway | Collection of visual paths and temporal cortex

Answer 59

Ventral stream

Question 60

Inability to recognize objects despite otherwise ssatisfactory vision

Answer 60

Visual agnosia

Question 61

Area especially right hemisphere their response strongly to faces much more than to anything else

Answer 61

Fusiform gurus of ITC

Question 62

Inability to recognize faces

Answer 62

Prosopagnosia

Question 63

Area V4

Answer 63

Color perception

Question 64

``` Area MT (V5) area MST (medial superior temporal cortex) ```

Answer 64

Motion perception

Question 65

Respond selectively when something moves at a particular speed in a particular direction

Answer 65

Area MT

Question 66

Respond best to more complex stimuli expansion contraction or rotation of large visual scene

Answer 66

Area MST

Question 67

Activity doesn't decrease while your eyes are following a moving object

Answer 67

Saccades