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Physiological Psych > 9 Wakefulness and Sleep > Flashcards

9 Wakefulness and Sleep Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Rhythms that last about a day

A

Endogenous circadian rhythms

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2
Q 
Waking and sleeping
Eating and drinking 
Urination
Secretion of hormones
Sensitivity to drugs
Body temperature
A

Behaviors subject to circadian rhythms

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3
Q

Light is critical for ______ rhythms

A

Resetting

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4
Q

Rhythm that occurs when no stimuli reset or alter it

A

Free-running rhythm

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5
Q

The stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm

“Time giver”

A

Zeitgeber

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6
Q

A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones

A mismatch between internal circadian clock and external time

A

Jet lag

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7
Q

Phase delay

A

East to west

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8
Q

Phase advance

A

West to east

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9
Q

Stress elevated adrenal hormone called

A

Cortisol

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10
Q

______ have more accidents than day workers

A

Night workers

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11
Q

Part of the hypothalamus; provides the main control of the circadian rhythm for sleep and body temperature

A

The Superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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12
Q

SCN is located just above

A

Optic chiasm

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13
Q

_______ start in small amounts early in the morning and increase during the day

A

Proteins

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14
Q

SCN regulates walking and sleeping by controlling activity levels in other brain areas, including:

A

Pineal gland

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15
Q

Gland releases hormone _____ - influences both circadian and circannual rhythms

A

Melatonin

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16
Q

Records average of the electrical potentials of the cells and fibers in the brain area nearest each electrode on the scalp

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

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17
Q

A combination of EEG and eye-movement records

A

Polysomnograph

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18
Q

Have frequency of 8 to 12 per sec.

Have characteristics of relaxation, not of all wakefulness

A

Alpha waves

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19
Q

EEG is dominated by irregular, jagged, low-voltage waves

A

Stage 1 sleep

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20
Q

Characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes

A

Sleep spindle

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21
Q

Heart rate, breathing rate, and brain activity decrease; slow, large-amplitude waves become more common

A

Succeeding stages of sleep

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22
Q

More than half the record includes large waves of at least .5 sec duration

A

By stage 4

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23
Q

Stage 3&4 constitute

A

Slow-wave sleep

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24
Q

Slow waves indicated that neuronal activity is

A

Highly synchronized

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25
REM sleep is _____ in some ways and ______ in other ways
Deep, light
26
REM and _________ sleep are synonymous
Paradoxical sleep
27
EEG shows irregular, low voltage fast waves that indicate increased neuronal activity
REM sleep
28
Postural muscles of body are more relaxed than in other stages
REM sleep
29
Part of reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal Maintains arousal during wakefulness and increases it in response to new or challenging tasks Stimulation of area awakens sleeping individual or increases alertness in one already awake
Pontomesencephalon
30
Small structure in the pins that emits bursts of impulses in response to meaningful events, especially those that produce emotional arousal Usually dormant while sleep
Locus coeruleus
31
Axons release _________ "adrenaline" widely throughout cortex
Norepinephrine
32
Anything that stimulates this area strengthens storage of recent memories and increases wakefulness
Locus coeruleus
33
________ has several axon pathways that influence arousal
Hypothalamus
34
One pathway releases _______- produces excitatory effects throughout brain
Histamine
35
The effect of antihistamine drugs
Allergy meds | Make you sleepy
36
Neurotransmitter released by pathway from hypothalamus- axons releasing orexin extend to basal forebrain and other areas and stimulate neurons responsible for wakefulness
Orexin or hypoctretin
37
Is necessary for staying awake
Orexin
38
Other pathways from lateral hypothalamus regulate cells in
Basal forebrain
39
Cells provide axons that extend throughout thalamus and cerebral cortex- some release acetyocholine
Basal forebrain
40
The role of GABA in sleep
Spontaneous firing rate | Important for decreasing body temperature
41
Spontaneously active neurons continue to fire - why do we remain unconscious ?
GABA suppresses the stimulation of neurons "inhibits"
42
Sleep walking & lucid dreaming mean that sleep can be
Local in the brain
43
Cells in the pons send messages that inhibit motor neurons that control large muscles
During REM sleep
44
What happens when most of the brain wakes up while the pons remain in REM?
Enable to move
45
During REM sleep: | Activity _______ in pons and limbic system
Increases
46
Activity _______ in primary visual cortex, motor cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, but ______ in parts of parietal and temporal cortex
Decrease, increase
47
REM sleep associated with ____ ________ - high amplitude electrical potentials
PGO waves
48
During prolonged REM deprivation, _________ begin to emerge during stages 2-4, and even during wakefulness
PGO waves
49
Pons send messages to the _______ ______, which inhibits motor neurons that control the body's large muscles Prevents motor movements durning REM sleep
Spinal cord
50
REM sleep depends on relationship between ______ & _______
Serotonin & acetylcholine
51
Inadequate amount of sleep
Insomnia
52
Stress, noise, pain, dirt, uncomfortable temperatures, medications Epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, brain rumors, depression, anxiety, or other disorders
Causes of insomnia
53
Has trouble falling asleep at usual time
Rhythm is phase-delayed
54
Falls asleep easily but awakens early
Rhythm is phase-advanced
55
Impaired ability to breathe while sleeping
Sleep apnea
56
Condition characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness during the day
Narcolepsy
57
Attack of muscle weakness while person remains awake
Cataplexy
58
Inability to move while falling asleep or waking up
Sleep paralysis
59
Rhythm that prepares animal for seasonal changes
Endogenous circannual rhythm
60
Characterized by repeated involuntary movement of the legs and sometimes the arms Occurs mostly during NREM sleep
Periodic limb movement disorder
61
People with this disorder move around vigorously during REM periods, apparently acting out their dreams
REM behavior disorder
62
Experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror
Night terrors
63
How does sleep enhance memory?
Electrical activity patterns observes during learning were observed again, except faster, during sleep
64
About ___% of sleep consists of REM
20
65
REM is important for _______ storage, especially for weakening the inappropriate connections
Memory
66
A dream represents the brains effort to make sense of sparse and disported information Does its best to synthesize a story that makes sense
The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
67
Emphasized that dreams begin with arousing stimuli within brain combined with recent memories and any information the brain is receiving from the senses
The Clinico-Antaomical Hypothesis
68
characterized by a moderate decrease in brain activity and decreased response to stimuli
sleep
69
extended period of unconsciousness characterized by low brain activity that remains fairly steady
coma
70
person alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal but no awareness of surrounding
vegetative state
71
one stage higher than a vegetative state marked by occasional brief periods of purposeful action and limited speech comprehension
minimally conscious state
72
no sign of brain activity and no response to any stimulus
brain death

Physiological Psych (12 decks)

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